designHalfbandFIR
Description
designs a halfband
FIR equiripple filter with the filter order of 24 and the transition width of 0.1.
B
= designHalfbandFIRB
is a vector of halfband FIR coefficients of length 25.
The System object™ argument is false
by default. To implement the filter,
assign the filter coefficients in B
to one of the supported System
objects.
specifies options using one or more name-value arguments.B
= designHalfbandFIR(Name=Value
)
For example,
designs a halfband FIR filter with the filter order of 30 and transition width of 0.2 by
using the Kaiser window design method. As the B
=
designHalfbandFIR
(FilterOrder
=30,TransitionWidth
=0.2,DesignMethod
="kaiser",SystemObject
=true)SystemObject
argument
is true
, the function designs and implements the halfband FIR filter.
B
is a dsp.FIRFilter
System object in this case.
When you specify only a partial list of filter parameters, the function designs the filter by setting the other design parameters to their default values.
When you specify any of the numeric input arguments in single precision, the function
designs the filter coefficients in single precision. Alternatively, you can use the Datatype
and
like
arguments to control the data type of the
coefficients. (since R2024b)
The function supports three design methods. Each design method supports a specific
set of design combinations. For more information, see DesignMethod
.
This function supports code generation under certain conditions. For more information, see Code Generation.
Examples
Design Minimum-Phase and Maximum-Phase Halfband Filters
Since R2024b
Use the designHalfbandFIR
function to design a minimum-phase FIR halfband filter. Set PhaseConstraint
to 'minimum'
.
minHalfband = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49,... PhaseConstraint='minimum',SystemObject=true,... Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="single-rate", PhaseConstraint="minimum", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)
minHalfband = dsp.FIRFilter with properties: Structure: 'Direct form' NumeratorSource: 'Property' Numerator: [0.0880 0.2902 0.4470 0.3323 4.6647e-04 -0.1975 -0.0760 0.1161 0.0842 -0.0719 -0.0773 0.0471 0.0676 -0.0327 -0.0580 0.0239 0.0494 -0.0184 -0.0419 0.0149 0.0354 -0.0125 -0.0297 0.0109 0.0247 -0.0097 -0.0203 0.0086 ... ] (1x50 double) InitialConditions: 0 Use get to show all properties
Visualize the magnitude response of this filter using filterAnalyzer
.
filterAnalyzer(minHalfband)
Set PhaseConstraint
to 'maximum'
to design a maximum-phase FIR halfband filter. With the same specifications, notice that the magnitude response of the minimum-phase and maximum-phase filters is identical.
maxHalfband = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49,... PhaseConstraint='maximum',SystemObject=true,... Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="single-rate", PhaseConstraint="maximum", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)
maxHalfband = dsp.FIRFilter with properties: Structure: 'Direct form' NumeratorSource: 'Property' Numerator: [7.4348e-04 -0.0024 0.0031 -6.5203e-04 -0.0024 0.0012 0.0027 -0.0019 -0.0033 0.0029 0.0040 -0.0041 -0.0047 0.0058 0.0055 -0.0079 -0.0062 0.0103 0.0070 -0.0132 -0.0078 0.0165 0.0086 -0.0203 -0.0097 0.0247 0.0109 ... ] (1x50 double) InitialConditions: 0 Use get to show all properties
filterAnalyzer(minHalfband,maxHalfband)
Compare the phase response of the two filters.
filterAnalyzer(minHalfband,maxHalfband,Analysis="phase")
Compare the impulse response of the two filters. For the minimum-phase FIR filter, the energy of its impulse response is maximally concentrated towards the beginning of the impulse response, while the opposite is true for the maximum-phase filter.
filterAnalyzer(minHalfband,maxHalfband,Analysis="impulse")
Cascading the minimum- and maximum-phase filters yields a linear phase filter. The magnitude response of the filter cascade is the same as the individual filters but the phase response is linear.
cascFilter = cascade(minHalfband,maxHalfband)
cascFilter = dsp.FilterCascade with properties: Stage1: [1x1 dsp.FIRFilter] Stage2: [1x1 dsp.FIRFilter] CloneStages: true
filterAnalyzer(cascFilter,Analysis="magnitude",OverlayAnalysis="phase")
Design and Implement Equiripple FIR Halfband Filter
Design an equiripple FIR halfband filter with the order of 24 and a transition width of 0.1 using the designHalfbandFIR
function. Assign the filter coefficients to a dsp.FIRFilter
System object.
b = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=24,DesignMethod='equiripple');
hbFIR = dsp.FIRFilter(b);
Create a dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer
object and visualize the magnitude response of the filter.
dfv = dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer(NormalizedFrequency=true); dfv(hbFIR);
Create a spectrumAnalyzer
object to visualize the spectra of the input and output signals.
scope = spectrumAnalyzer(SampleRate=2, PlotAsTwoSidedSpectrum=false,... ChannelNames=["Input Signal","Filtered Signal"]);
Stream in random data and filter the signal using the FIR halfband filter.
for i = 1:1000 x = randn(1024, 1); y = hbFIR(x); scope(x,y); end
Design and Implement FIR Halfband Interpolator
Design an equiripple FIR halfband interpolator object of order 48 using the designHalfbandFIR
function. Set the Verbose
argument to true
.
hbFIR = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48,SystemObject=true,... Structure='interp',Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="interp", PhaseConstraint="linear", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)
hbFIR = dsp.FIRHalfbandInterpolator with properties: Specification: 'Coefficients' Numerator: [0 -0.0082 0 0.0079 0 -0.0116 0 0.0165 0 -0.0227 0 0.0309 0 -0.0419 0 0.0571 0 -0.0800 0 0.1193 0 -0.2073 0 0.6350 1 0.6350 0 -0.2073 0 0.1193 0 -0.0800 0 0.0571 0 -0.0419 0 0.0309 0 -0.0227 0 0.0165 0 -0.0116 ... ] (1x49 double) FilterBankInputPort: false Use get to show all properties
Create a dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer
object and visualize the magnitude response of the filter.
dfv = dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer(NormalizedFrequency=true); dfv(hbFIR);
The input is a cosine wave with an angular frequency of radians/sample.
input = cos(pi/4*(0:39)');
Interpolate the cosine signal using the FIR halfband interpolator.
output = hbFIR(input);
Plot the original and interpolated signals. In order to plot the two signals on the same plot, you must account for the output delay introduced by the FIR halfband interpolator and the scaling introduced by the filter. Use the outputDelay
function to compute the delay
value introduced by the interpolator. Shift the output by this delay value.
Visualize the input and the resampled signals. The input and output values coincide every other sample due to the interpolation factor of 2.
[delay,FsOut] = outputDelay(hbFIR,FsIn=1)
delay = 12
FsOut = 2
nInput = (0:length(input)-1); tOutput = (0:length(output)-1)/FsOut-delay; stem(tOutput,output,'filled',MarkerSize=4); hold on; stem(nInput,input); hold off; xlim([-5,20]) legend('Interpolated by 2','Input signal','Location','best');
Design and Implement FIR Halfband Decimator
Design an equiripple FIR halfband decimator object of order 48 using the designHalfbandFIR
function. Set the Verbose
argument to true
.
hbFIR = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48,SystemObject=true,... Structure='decim',Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="decim", PhaseConstraint="linear", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)
hbFIR = dsp.FIRHalfbandDecimator with properties: Main Specification: 'Coefficients' Numerator: [0 -0.0041 0 0.0040 0 -0.0058 0 0.0082 0 -0.0114 0 0.0155 0 -0.0209 0 0.0286 0 -0.0400 0 0.0597 0 -0.1037 0 0.3175 0.5000 0.3175 0 -0.1037 0 0.0597 0 -0.0400 0 0.0286 0 -0.0209 0 0.0155 0 -0.0114 0 0.0082 0 -0.0058 0 0.0040 0 -0.0041 0] Use get to show all properties
Create a dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer
object and visualize the magnitude response of the filter.
dfv = dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer(NormalizedFrequency=true); dfv(hbFIR);
The input is a cosine wave with an angular frequency of radians/sample.
input = cos(pi/4*(0:39)');
Decimate the cosine signal using the FIR halfband decimator.
output = hbFIR(input);
Plot the original and decimated signals. In order to plot the two signals in the same plot, you must account for the output delay of the FIR halfband decimator and the scaling introduced by the filter. Use the outputDelay
function to compute the delay
introduced by the decimator. Shift the output by this delay value.
Visualize the input and the resampled signals. After a short transition, the output converges to a cosine of frequency , as expected, which is twice the frequency of the input signal, . Due to the decimation factor of 2, the output samples coincide with every other input sample.
[delay,FsOut] = outputDelay(hbFIR,FsIn=1)
delay = 24
FsOut = 0.5000
nInput = (0:length(input)-1); tOutput = (0:length(output)-1)/FsOut-delay; stem(tOutput,output,'filled',MarkerSize=4); hold on; stem(nInput,input); hold off; xlim([-10,15]) legend('Decimated by 2','Input signal','Location','best');
Input Arguments
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Example:
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=30,TransitionWidth=0.3,Passband='lowpass')
FilterOrder
— Order of halfband FIR filter
24
(default) | positive even integer | positive odd integer
Order of the halfband FIR filter, N, specified as one of these:
Positive even integer when you set
PhaseConstraint
to"linear"
(linear-phase Kaiser design).Positive odd integer when you set
PhaseConstraint
to"minimum"
(minimum-phase design) or"maximum"
(maximum-phase design).
This property is tunable in code
generation when you set DesignMethod
to
'kaiser'
and PhaseConstraint
to
"linear"
. (since R2024b)
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
TransitionWidth
— Transition width of halfband FIR filter
0.1
(default) | scalar in the range (0
,1
]
Transition width of the halfband FIR filter, TW,
specified as a normalized scalar in the range
(0
,1
].
To enable this property, set
PhaseConstraint
to "linear"
. (since R2024b)
Data Types: single
| double
StopbandAttenuation
— Stopband attenuation of halfband FIR filter
60
(default) | positive scalar
Stopband attenuation of the halfband FIR filter, Ast, specified as a positive scalar in dB units.
To enable this property, set
PhaseConstraint
to "linear"
. (since R2024b)
Data Types: single
| double
DesignMethod
— Window design method
'auto'
(default) | 'kaiser'
| 'equiripple'
| 'ls'
Window design method, specified as one of these options:
'auto'
–– When you do not specify a window design method or specify'auto'
, the function automatically chooses the best design method for the given specification parameters.'kaiser'
–– Kaiser method supports all the design specification combinations but only the"linear"
phase design.Here is the list of all the design specification combinations the function supports:
FilterOrder
andTransitionWidth
(N,TW)FilterOrder
andStopbandAttenuation
(N,Ast)TransitionWidth
andStopbandAttenuation
(TW,Ast)
'equiripple'
–– Equiripple method supports all the design specification combinations and all the phase response types.For minimum- and maximum-phase designs,
DesignMethod
must be"equiripple"
. (since R2024b)'ls'
–– Least squares method supports the filter order (N) and transition width (TW) specifications, and the"linear"
phase design.
For more information on the filter design methods, see Algorithms.
Data Types: char
| string
Passband
— Passband frequency response
'lowpass'
(default) | 'highpass'
Passband frequency response, specified as one of these:
'lowpass'
–– This option supports all three filter structures.'highpass'
–– This option supports only the'single-rate'
filter structure.
Data Types: char
| string
PhaseConstraint
— Phase response type
"linear"
(default) | "minimum"
| "maximum"
Since R2024b
Phase response type of the filter design, specified as one of these:
"linear"
–– Linear-phase design"minimum"
–– Minimum-phase design"maximum"
–– Maximum-phase design
For more information, see Minimum and Maximum Phase Filters.
Data Types: char
| string
Datatype
— Data type of filter coefficients by type name
"double"
(default) | "single"
Since R2024b
Data type of the filter coefficients, specified by type name as
"double"
or
"single"
.
You can use the Dataype
or the
like
argument to specify the
data type of the filter coefficients, but you cannot use both
arguments at the same time.
If you specify the data type of the filter coefficients using this argument, the function ignores the data types of the other numeric arguments.
Data Types: char
| string
like
— Data type of filter coefficients by prototype
real floating-point value
Since R2024b
Data type of the filter coefficients, specified as a prototype of a real floating-point value.
You can use the Dataype
or the
like
argument to specify the data type of filter
coefficients, but you cannot use both arguments at the same time.
If you specify the data type of the filter coefficients using this argument, the function ignores the data types of the other numeric arguments.
Example: B =
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=N,TransitionWidth=TW,like=single(N))
Example: N = single(110); B =
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=N,TransitionWidth=TW,like=N)
Data Types: single
| double
SystemObject
— Option to create System object
false
(default) |
true
Option to create a filter System object, specified as one of these:
false
–– The function returns a vector of FIR filter coefficients.true
–– The function returns a filter object depending on the settings of theStructure
andPhaseConstraint
arguments. For more information, see the description for output argumentB
.
Data Types: logical
Structure
— Filter structure
'single-rate'
(default) | 'decim'
| 'interp'
Filter structure, specified as one of these:
'single-rate'
–– Single-rate filter'decim'
–– Decimation filter'interp'
–– Interpolation filter
The function returns a vector of filter coefficients or a filter object with
the structure that you specify in this argument. For more information, see the
description for output argument B
.
Data Types: char
| string
Verbose
— Option to print function call in MATLAB®
false
(default) | true
Option to print the entire function call in MATLAB, specified as one of these:
false
–– The function does not print the function call.true
–– The function prints the entire function call including the default values of theName=Value
arguments that you did not specify when calling the function.Use this argument to view all the values used by the function to design and implement the filter.
Data Types: logical
Output Arguments
B
— Output filter
row vector | dsp.FIRFilter
| dsp.FIRHalfbandDecimator
| dsp.FIRHalfbandInterpolator
| dsp.FIRInterpolator
| dsp.FIRDecimator
dsp.FIRFilter
dsp.FIRHalfbandDecimator
dsp.FIRHalfbandInterpolator
dsp.FIRInterpolator
dsp.FIRDecimator
Output filter, returned as one of these:
Row vector –– The function returns a row vector of length
FilterOrder
+ 1 when you set theSystemObject
argument tofalse
.If you specify any of the input arguments in single-precision, the function designs filter coefficients in single precision. (since R2024a)
If you specify the data type using the
Datatype
or thelike
argument, the function ignores the data types of the other numeric arguments. (since R2024b)Filter object –– The function returns a filter object depending on the settings of the
Structure
andPhaseConstraint
arguments. For more information, see the following table.Filter object Structure
PhaseConstraint
dsp.FIRFilter
'single-rate'
"linear"
,"minimum"
(since R2024b), or"maximum"
(since R2024b)dsp.FIRHalfbandInterpolator
'interp'
"linear"
dsp.FIRHalfbandDecimator
'decim'
"linear"
dsp.FIRInterpolator
(since R2024b)'interp'
"minimum"
or"maximum"
(since R2024b)dsp.FIRDecimator
(since R2024b)'decim'
"minimum"
or"maximum"
(since R2024b)
Data Types: single
| double
More About
Halfband Filters
The function designs a halfband filter when you set
PhaseConstraint
to "linear"
.
An ideal lowpass halfband filter is given by
An ideal filter is not realizable. However, the impulse response of an ideal lowpass filter possesses some important properties that are required in a realizable approximation. The impulse response of an ideal lowpass halfband filter is:
Equal to 0 for all even-indexed samples.
Equal to 1/2 at n=0 as shown by L'Hôpital's rule on the continuous-valued equivalent of the discrete-time impulse response
The ideal highpass halfband filter is given by
Evaluating this integral yields the impulse response
The impulse response of an ideal highpass halfband filter is:
Equal to 0 for all even-indexed samples
Equal to 1/2 at n=0
The FIR halfband filter uses a causal FIR approximation of the ideal halfband response. The approximation is based on minimizing the norm of the error (minimax). See Algorithms for more information.
Kaiser Window
Kaiser design method supports only the "linear"
phase
design.
The designHalfbandFIR
function computes the coefficients of a
Kaiser window using the equation
where I0 is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function of the first kind.
To obtain a Kaiser window that represents an FIR filter with stopband attenuation of α dB, use this β.
The filter order n is given by
where Δω is the transition width.
Minimum and Maximum Phase Filters
A filter is a minimum phase filter if all its poles and zeros are inside the unit circle. These filters and their inverses are causal and stable. Minimum phase filters have a smaller group delay compared to linear-phase filters and a more concentrated energy towards the beginning of the impulse response.
A filter is a maximum phase filter if its poles and zeros are outside the unit circle. Such filters are stable and anti-causal. The energy of the impulse response is maximally concentrated towards the end of the impulse response.
For an example that compares maximum and minimum phase filters, see Design Minimum-Phase and Maximum-Phase Halfband Filters.
Algorithms
Filter Design Method
The designHalfbandFIR
function uses the equiripple, Kaiser, or
the least-squares linear phase window method to design the FIR halfband filter. If you
set PhaseConstraint
to "minimum"
or
"maximum"
, the function uses the equiripple design method.
When the design constraints are tight, such as very high stopband attenuation or very
narrow transition width, use the Kaiser window method. If you are not sure of which
method to use, set the design method to "auto"
. In this mode, the
algorithm automatically chooses a design method that optimally meets the specified
filter constraints.
Linear Phase Equiripple Design
In the equiripple method, the algorithm uses a minimax (minimize the maximum error) FIR design to design a fullband linear phase filter with the desired specifications. The algorithm upsamples a fullband filter to replace the even-indexed samples of the filter with zeros and creates a halfband filter. It then sets the filter tap corresponding to the group delay of the filter in samples to 1/2. This yields a causal linear phase FIR filter approximation to the ideal halfband filter defined in Halfband Filters. See [1] for a description of this filter design method using the Remez exchange algorithm. As you can design a filter using this approximation method with a constant ripple both in the passband and stopband, the filter is also known as the equiripple filter.
Linear Phase Kaiser Window Design
When you choose the DesignMethod
to "kaiser"
,
the function designs a linear-phase filter with the Kaiser window design method.
In the Kaiser window method, the algorithm first truncates the ideal halfband filter defined in Halfband Filters, then it applies a Kaiser window defined in Kaiser Window. This yields a causal linear phase FIR filter approximation to the ideal halfband filter.
Least-Squares Linear Phase FIR Filter Design
The function designs a linear phase FIR filter by minimizing the weighted, integrated, and squared error between the magnitude response of the ideal halfband filter and the filter designed for the given set of specifications. For more information, see [3].
Minimum or Maximum Phase Equiripple Design
When you set PhaseConstraint
to "minimum"
or
"maximum"
, the function designs a minimum phase or maximum phase
FIR halfband filter using the equiripple method.
The function produces a minimum phase and maximum phase filter designs through factorization of a linear-phase filter. The function first designs a linear-phase halfband FIR based on the specifications that you provide, and shifts the gain to avoid negative magnitude values. That linear-phase design is then broken into a product of a minimum phase FIR halfband filter and a maximum phase FIR halfband filter. Maximum phase filter designs are obtained by flipping the minimum phase design coefficients.
For more information on the algorithm, see [5].
References
[1] Harris, F.J. Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, 2004, pp. 208–209.
[2] Orfanidis, Sophocles J. Introduction to Signal Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
[3] Oppenheim, Alan V., Ronald W. Schafer, and John R. Buck. Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.
[4] Parks, Thomas W., and C. Sidney Burrus. Digital Filter Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1987, pp. 54–83.
[5] Mitra, Sanjit Kumar, and James F. Kaiser, eds. Handbook for Digital Signal Processing. New York: Wiley, 1993.
Extended Capabilities
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.
The designHalfbandFIR
function generates code under these conditions:
If you set
SystemObject
totrue
, then all the filter design specifications must be constant while generating code.B = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=tw,FilterOrder=n,DesignMethod='kaiser',SystemObject=true)
% Code generation failsB = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=0.1,StopbandAttenuation=80,DesignMethod='kaiser',SystemObject=true)
% Code generation worksIf you set
DesignMethod
to"auto"
or"equiripple"
, then all the filter design specifications must be constant while generating code.B = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=tw,StopbandAttenuation=ast,DesignMethod='equiripple')
% Code generation failsB = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=0.1,StopbandAttenuation=80,DesignMethod='equiripple')
% Code generation worksIf you set
DesignMethod
to"kaiser"
and specifyStopbandAttenuation
, then all the filter design specifications must be constant while generating code.B = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=tw,StopbandAttenuation=ast,DesignMethod='kaiser')
% Code generation failsB = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=0.1,StopbandAttenuation=80,DesignMethod='kaiser')
% Code generation worksIf you set
DesignMethod
to"kaiser"
, specify theFilterOrder
andTransitionWidth
specifications, and setSystemObject
tofalse
, then the function supports code generation with no limitations.B = designHalfbandFIR(TransitionWidth=tw,FilterOrder=n,DesignMethod='kaiser')
% Code generation worksIf you set
DesignMethod
to"ls"
and setSystemObject
tofalse
, then the function supports code generation with no limitations.
tw
and ast
are runtime variables whose values
are not determined during code generation.
The FilterOrder
property
is tunable in code generation when you set DesignMethod
to
'kaiser'
and PhaseConstraint
to
"linear"
. (since R2024b)
This function supports strict single precision
in generated code. If any of the input arguments are in single precision, or you use the Datatype
and
like
arguments to specify single-precision (since R2024b), the code
you generate uses strictly single-precision arithmetic. (since R2024a)
Version History
Introduced in R2023bR2024b: Specify data type of filter coefficients explicitly
You can now specify the data type of filter coefficients explicitly using the
Datatype
and like
arguments.
R2024b: Support for minimum- and maximum-phase response types
Use the PhaseConstraint
argument to design a minimum-phase or a
maximum-phase equiripple FIR filter.
R2024a: Support for strict single precision
When you specify any of the input arguments in single-precision, the function designs filter coefficients in single precision both in simulation and in generated code.
See Also
Functions
designHalfbandIIR
|designLowpassFIR
|designHighpassFIR
|designMultirateFIR
|designFracDelayFIR
|outputDelay
Objects
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