wlanTGahChannel

Filter signal through 802.11ah multipath fading channel

Description

The wlanTGahChannel System object™ filters an input signal through an 802.11ah™ (TGah) indoor MIMO channel as specified in [1], following the MIMO modeling approach described in [4].

The fading processing assumes the same parameters for all N_T-by-N_R links of the TGah channel, where N_T is the number of transmit antennas and N_R is the number of receive antennas. Each link comprises all multipaths for that link.

To filter an input signal using a TGah multipath fading channel:

1. Create the wlanTGahChannel object and set its properties.

2. Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.

To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?

Creation

Syntax

tgah = wlanTGahChannel

tgah = wlanTGahChannel(Name,Value)

Description

tgah = wlanTGahChannel creates a TGah channel System object, tgah. This object filters a real or complex input signal through the TGah channel to obtain the channel-impaired signal.

tgah = wlanTGahChannel(Name,Value) creates a TGah channel object, tgah, and sets properties using one or more name-value pairs. Enclose each property name in quotes. For example, wlanTGahChannel('NumReceiveAntennas',4,'SampleRate',4e6) creates a TGah channel with four receive antennas and a 4 MHz sample rate.

Properties

Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the release function unlocks them.

If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.

For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.

SampleRate — Sample rate of the input signal

2e6 (default) | positive scalar

Sample rate of the input signal in Hz, specified as a real positive scalar.

Data Types: double

DelayProfile — Delay profile model

'Model-B' (default) | 'Model-A' | 'Model-C' | 'Model-D' | 'Model-E' | 'Model-F'

Delay profile model, specified as 'Model-A', 'Model-B', 'Model-C', 'Model-D', 'Model-E', or 'Model-F'.

The table summarizes the properties of the models.

Property	Model
	A	B	C	D	E	F
Breakpoint distance (m)	5	5	5	10	20	30
RMS delay spread (ns)	0	15	30	50	100	150
Maximum delay (ns)	0	80	200	390	730	1050
Rician K-factor (dB)	0	0	0	3	6	6
Number of taps	1	9	14	18	18	18
Number of clusters	1	2	2	3	4	6
Propagation scenario	Flat fading	Indoor residential	Indoor residential or small office	Office	Large office/warehouse	Large space indoor (pseudo-outdoor)

The number of clusters represents the number of independently modeled propagation paths.

Data Types: char | string

ChannelBandwidth — Channel bandwidth

'CBW2' (default) | 'CBW1' | 'CBW4' | 'CBW8' | 'CBW16'

Channel bandwidth, specified as 'CBW1', 'CBW2', 'CBW4', 'CBW8', or 'CBW16'. The default is 'CBW2', which corresponds to a 2 MHz channel bandwidth.

For channel bandwidths greater than 4 MHz, the TGah channel applies a reduction factor to the multipath spacing of the power delay profile. The reduction factor applied is 2^{ceil(log2(BW/4))}, where BW is the channel bandwidth in MHz. For more information, see TGac Channel Model Addendum [3].

Data Types: char | string

CarrierFrequency — RF carrier frequency

915e6 (default) | positive scalar

RF carrier frequency in Hz, specified as a positive scalar.

Data Types: double

EnvironmentalSpeed — Speed of the scatterers

0.089 (default) | positive scalar

Speed of the scatterers in km/h, specified as a positive scalar.

Data Types: double

TransmitReceiveDistance — Distance between transmitter and receiver

3 (default) | positive scalar

Distance between the transmitter and receiver in meters, specified as a positive scalar.

TransmitReceiveDistance is used to compute the path loss, and to determine whether the channel has a line of sight (LOS) or no line of sight (NLOS) condition. The path loss and standard deviation of shadow fading loss depend on the separation between the transmitter and the receiver.

Data Types: double

NormalizePathGains — Normalize path gains

true or 1 (default) | false or 0

Normalize path gains, specified as a numeric or logical 1 (true) or 0 (false). To normalize the fading processes such that the total power of the path gains, averaged over time, is 0 dB, set this property to 1 (true). Otherwise, set this property to 0 (false).

Data Types: logical

UserIndex — User index for single or multi-user scenario

0 (default) | positive integer

User index, specified as a nonnegative integer. If the property is set to 0, the angles of arrival and departure from the TGn channel model are used in the calculation of the spatial correlation matrix. If the property is set to a positive integer, pseudorandom offsets are applied to the TGn angles of arrival and departure before the calculation of the spatial correlation matrix. For more details, see the section on MIMO Enhancements.

Data Types: double

TransmissionDirection — Transmission direction

'Downlink' (default) | 'Uplink'

Transmission direction of the active link, specified as either 'Downlink' or 'Uplink'. The default value, 'Downlink', specifies transmission from an access point to a user station.

Data Types: char | string

NumTransmitAntennas — Number of transmit antennas

1 (default) | 2 | 3 | 4

Number of transmit antennas, specified as 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Data Types: double

TransmitAntennaSpacing — Distance between transmit antenna elements

0.5 (default) | positive scalar

Distance between transmit antenna elements, specified as a positive scalar expressed in wavelengths.

TransmitAntennaSpacing supports uniform linear arrays only.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the NumTransmitAntennas property to a value greater than 1.

Data Types: double

NumReceiveAntennas — Number of receive antennas

1 (default) | 2 | 3 | 4

Number of receive antennas, specified as 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Data Types: double

ReceiveAntennaSpacing — Distance between receive antenna elements

0.5 (default) | positive scalar

Distance between receive antenna elements, specified as a positive scalar expressed in wavelengths.

ReceiveAntennaSpacing supports uniform linear arrays only.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the NumReceiveAntennas property to a value greater than 1.

Data Types: double

LargeScaleFadingEffect — Large-scale fading effects

'None' (default) | 'Pathloss' | 'Shadowing' | 'Pathloss and shadowing'

Large-scale fading effects applied in the channel, specified as 'None', 'Pathloss', 'Shadowing', or 'Pathloss and shadowing'.

Data Types: char | string

NumPenetratedFloors — Number of building floors

0 (default) | positive integer

Number of building floors between the transmitter and the receiver, specified as a positive integer. Use this property in multiple floor scenarios to account for the floor attenuation loss in the path loss calculation. The default is 0, which represents a communication link between a transmitter and a receiver located on the same floor.

Dependencies

The NumPenetratedFloors property applies only when DelayProfile is 'Model-A' or 'Model-B'.

Data Types: double

FluorescentEffect — Fluorescent effect

true or 1 (default) | false or 0

Fluorescent effect, specified as a numeric or logical 1 (true) or 0 (false). To include Doppler effects from fluorescent lighting, set this property to 1 (true).

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the DelayProfile property to 'Model-D' or 'Model-E'.

Data Types: logical

PowerLineFrequency — Power line frequency

'60Hz' (default) | '50Hz'

Power line frequency in Hz, specified as '50Hz' or '60Hz'.

The power line frequency is 60 Hz in the United States and 50 Hz in Europe.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the FluorescentEffect property to 1 (true) and the DelayProfile property to 'Model-D' or 'Model-E'.

Data Types: char | string

NormalizeChannelOutputs — Normalize channel outputs

true or 1 (default) | false or 0

Normalize channel outputs by the number of receive antennas, specified as a numeric or logical 1 (true) or 0 (false).

Data Types: logical

ChannelFiltering — Enable channel filtering

true or 1 (default) | false or 0

Enable channel filtering, specified as a numeric or logical 1 (true) or 0 (false). To enable channel filtering, set this property to 1 (true). To disable channel filtering, set this property to 0 (false).

Note

If you set this property to 0 (false), the step object function does not accept an input signal. In this case, the NumSamples and SampleRate properties determine the duration of the fading process realization. The object acts as a source of path gains without filtering an input signal.

Data Types: logical

NumSamples — Number of time-domain samples

80 (default) | positive integer

Number of time-domain samples used to get path gain samples, specified as a positive integer.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the ChannelFiltering property to 0 (false).

Data Types: double

OutputDataType — Data type of impaired signal

'double' (default) | 'single'

Data type of impaired signal, specified as one of these values:

• 'double' – Return the pathGains output as a double-precision matrix

• 'single' – Return the pathGains output as a single-precision matrix

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the ChannelFiltering property to 0 (false).

Data Types: char | string

RandomStream — Source of random number stream

'Global stream' (default) | 'mt19937ar with seed'

Source of random number stream, specified as 'Global stream' or 'mt19937ar with seed'.

If you set this property to 'Global stream', the System object uses the current global random number stream to generate random numbers. In this case, the reset function resets the filters and creates a new channel realization.

If you set this property to 'mt19937ar with seed', the mt19937ar algorithm generates random numbers. In this case, the reset function not only resets the filters, but also reinitializes the random number stream to the value of the Seed property. This results in the same channel realization.

Note

The random numbers of the channel components are distributed as follows:

• The random phase of the Doppler component due to fluorescent lights is uniformly distributed. See equation 27 of TGn Channel Models for more information.

• In multi-user scenarios using the TGac, TGah, or TGax channel models, the per-user angle-of-arrival (AoA) and angle-of-departure (AoD) rotations discussed in the MIMO Enhancements section are uniformly distributed.

• The fading samples are generated by a normally-distributed complex uncorrelated Gaussian process with zero mean and unit variance in discrete time.

Data Types: char | string

Seed — Initial seed of mt19937ar random number stream

73 (default) | nonnegative integer

Initial seed of an mt19937ar random number stream, specified as a nonnegative integer. The Seed property reinitializes the mt19937ar random number stream in the reset function.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the RandomStream property to 'mt19937ar with seed'.

Data Types: double

PathGainsOutputPort — Enable path gain output

false or 0 (default) | true or 1

Enable path gain output computation, specified as a numeric or logical 1 (true) or 0 (false).

Data Types: logical

Usage

Syntax

y = tgah(x)

[y,pathGains] = tgah(x)

pathGains = tgah(x)

Description

y = tgah(x) filters input signal x through the TGah fading channel defined by the wlanTGahChannel System object, tgah, and returns the result in y.

[y,pathGains] = tgah(x) also returns in pathGains the TGah channel path gains of the underlying fading process.

This syntax applies when you set the PathGainsOutputPort property to 1 (true).

pathGains = tgah(x) returns the path gains. The NumSamples property determines the duration of the fading process.

This syntax applies when you set the ChannelFiltering property to 0 (false).

Input Arguments

x — Input signal

complex matrix

Input signal, specified as a real or complex N_S-by-N_T matrix, where:

• N_S is the number of samples.

• N_T is the number of transmit antennas and must be equal to the NumTransmitAntennas property value.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Output Arguments

y — Output signal

complex matrix

Output signal, returned as an N_S-by-N_R complex matrix, where:

• N_S is the number of samples.

• N_R is the number of receive antennas and is equal to the NumReceiveAntennas property value.

Data Types: single | double

pathGains — Path gains of the fading process

complex array

Path gains of the fading process, returned as an N_S-by-N_P-by-N_T-by-N_R complex array, where:

• N_S is the number of samples.

• N_P is the number of resolvable paths, that is, the number of paths defined for the case specified by the DelayProfile property.

• N_T is the number of transmit antennas and is equal to the NumTransmitAntennas property value.

• N_R is the number of receive antennas and is equal to the NumReceiveAntennas property value.

Data Types: double | single

Object Functions

To use an object function, specify the System object as the first input argument. For example, to release system resources of a System object named obj, use this syntax:

release(obj)

Specific to wlanTGahChannel

info	Characteristic information about multipath fading channels

Common to All System Objects

step	Run System object algorithm
release	Release resources and allow changes to System object property values and input characteristics
reset	Reset internal states of System object

Note

reset: If the RandomStream property of the System object is set to 'Global stream', the reset function resets the filters only. If you set RandomStream to 'mt19937ar with seed', the reset function not only resets the filters, but also reinitializes the random number stream to the value of the Seed property. This results in the same channel realization.

Examples

Pass S1G Waveform Through TGah Channel

Filter an 802.11ah waveform through a TGah channel.

cfgS1G = wlanS1GConfig(APEPLength=1000);
txWaveform = wlanWaveformGenerator([1;0;0;1],cfgS1G);

Create a TGah channel object and adjust some default properties. Specify a seed value to produce a repeatable channel output. Create an S1G configuration object and waveform. Pass the S1G waveform through the channel by supplying it as an input to the TGah channel object.

tgah = wlanTGahChannel;
tgah.LargeScaleFadingEffect = 'PathLoss and shadowing';
tgah.FloorSeparation = 2;
tgah.RandomStream = 'mt19937ar with seed';
tgah.Seed = 10;

channelOutput = tgah(txWaveform);

Confirm the channel bandwidth and set the corresponding sample rate.

cfgS1G.ChannelBandwidth

ans = 
'CBW2'

fs = 2e6;

Plot the spectrum of the channel output waveform.

saScope = spectrumAnalyzer(SampleRate=fs,YLimits=[-110 -30]);
saScope(channelOutput)

Across the spectrum, the mean power of the channel output waveform is approximately -50 dBm.

TGah Channel Model-B Delay Profile

Plot the delay profile for an impulse waveform passed through a TGah channel.

Create an impulse waveform. Delay the impulse by 10 samples, which is equivalent to 10 ns in time.

txWaveform = zeros(100,1);
txWaveform(11) = 1;

Create a TGah channel object. Specify the seed for reproducible results.

tgah = wlanTGahChannel;
tgah.RandomStream = 'mt19937ar with seed';
tgah.Seed = 10;

Set the sample rate so that sampling of the channel multipaths are integer multiples of integer sampling delay.

tgah.SampleRate = 1e9;

chOut = tgah(txWaveform);
plot((0:length(chOut)-1)*1/tgah.SampleRate,abs(chOut));
xlabel('Time[s]'); ylabel('abs(chOut)');
title('Channel Power Delay Profile: Model-B')

Transmit S1G Waveform Through 4x2 MIMO Channel

Create a S1G waveform generated using four transmit antennas and two spatial streams.

cfg = wlanS1GConfig(NumTransmitAntennas=4,NumSpaceTimeStreams=2, ...
    SpatialMapping='Fourier',APEPLength=1000);
txSig = wlanWaveformGenerator([1;0;0;1],cfg);

Create a 4x2 MIMO TGah channel and disable large-scale fading effects.

tgahChan = wlanTGahChannel('SampleRate',1e6,'ChannelBandwidth','CBW1', ...
    'NumTransmitAntennas',4,'NumReceiveAntennas',2, ...
    'LargeScaleFadingEffect','None');

Pass the transmit waveform through the channel.

rxSig = tgahChan(txSig);

Display the spectrum of the two received space-time streams.

saScope = spectrumAnalyzer(SampleRate=1e6, ...
    ShowLegend=true, ...
    ChannelNames={'Stream 1','Stream 2'});
saScope(rxSig)

Compare Random Number Sources for TGn Channel

Create a non-HT configuration object with default parameters. Generate a waveform for the configuration.

cfg = wlanNonHTConfig;
tx = wlanWaveformGenerator([1;0;0;1],cfg);

Create a TGn channel System object with default parameters. Display the value of the RandomStream property.

tgnChan = wlanTGnChannel;
disp(tgnChan.RandomStream)

Global stream

Pass the waveform through the channel twice, resetting the System object between the two iterations.

for i = 1:2
    rx(:,i) = tgnChan(tx);
    reset(tgnChan);
end

Compare the two received waveforms. They are different because the reset object function resets the filters and the channel object takes new random numbers from the global stream. This causes it to generate a different channel realization.

isequal(rx(:,1),rx(:,2))

ans = logical
   0

Now release the System object and set the RandomStream property to "mt19937ar with seed".

release(tgnChan);
tgnChan.RandomStream = "mt19937ar with seed";

Pass the waveform through the channel twice, resetting the System object between the two iterations.

for i = 1:2
    rx(:,i) = tgnChan(tx);
    reset(tgnChan);
end

Compare the two received waveforms. They are equal because the channel realization is the same for both iterations. This happens because the reset function reinitializes the random number stream to the value of the Seed property, so the channel object uses the same random numbers for both channel realizations.

isequal(rx(:,1),rx(:,2))

ans = logical
   1

Algorithms

The algorithms used to model the TGah channel are based on those used for the TGn channel (as described in wlanTGnChannel and TGn Channel Models [2]) and the TGac channel (as described in wlanTGacChannel and TGac Channel Model Addendum [3]). Complete information on the changes required to support TGah channels can be found in TGah Channel Model [1]. The changes to support the TGah channel include lower bandwidths, floor separation attenuation, Wall Separation Attenuation, and path loss and shadowing.

Lower Bandwidths

The TGah channel model supports channel bandwidths down to 1 MHz.

Floor Separation Attenuation

In the TGah channel, the path loss model used to compute the spatial correlation accounts for floor separation attenuation effects. The floor separation loss depends on the number of floors penetrated as shown in the equation:

PEL_floor= 18.3n^{(n + 2)/(n + 1) -0.46},

where n is the number of floors, represented by NumPenetratedFloors property of the System object. For more information, see TGah Channel Model [1].

MIMO Enhancements

The TGn channel model supports no more than 4x4 MIMO, while the TGah model supports 8x8 MIMO.

The TGah model uses per-user angle diversity to support simultaneous communication between multiple user stations and an access point. For each channel realization, the model achieves this by adding pseudorandom offsets to the angles of arrival and departure of each cluster before the calculation of the spatial correlation matrix. Different offsets are chosen for each positive value of the UserIndex property. This causes the angles of arrival and departure for each cluster to differ between users.

Changing the TransmissionDirection property swaps the angle of arrival of each cluster with its corresponding angle of departure. For more details, see the Appendix of [3].

To see how the UserIndex property can be used in an application, see this example: 802.11ax Packet Error Rate Simulation for Uplink Trigger-Based Format.

Path Loss and Shadowing

TGah Channel Model [1], Table 2 defines path loss parameters that are slightly modified from those defined for TGn. Specifically, the shadow fading values corresponding to breakpoint distance are 1 dB less for all TGah channel models.

The path loss exponent and the standard deviation of the shadow fading loss characterize each model. The two parameters depend on the presence of a line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver. For paths with a transmitter-to-receiver distance, d, less that the breakpoint distance, d_BP, the LOS parameters apply. For d > d_BP, the non line of sight (NLOS) parameters apply. The table summarizes the path loss and shadow fading parameters.

Parameter	Model
	A	B	C	D	E	F
Breakpoint distance, dBP (m)	5	5	5	10	20	30
Path loss exponent for d ≤ dBP	2	2	2	2	2	2
Path loss exponent for d > dBP	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
Shadow fading σ (dB) for d ≤ dBP	2	2	2	2	2	2
Shadow fading σ (dB) for d > dBP	3	3	4	4	5	5

References

[1] Porat R., S. K. Yong, and K. Doppler. TGah Channel Model. IEEE 802.11-11/0968r4, March 2015.

[2] Erceg, V., L. Schumacher, P. Kyritsi, et al. TGn Channel Models. Version 4. IEEE 802.11-03/940r4, May 2004.

[3] Breit, G., H. Sampath, S. Vermani, et al. TGac Channel Model Addendum. Version 12. IEEE 802.11-09/0308r12, March 2010.

[4] Kermoal, J. P., L. Schumacher, K. I. Pedersen, P. E. Mogensen, and F. Frederiksen. “A Stochastic MIMO Radio Channel Model with Experimental Validation.” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Vol. 20, No. 6, August 2002, pp. 1211–1226.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

See System Objects in MATLAB Code Generation (MATLAB Coder).

Version History

Introduced in R2017a