resubLoss
Resubstitution classification loss for classification ensemble model
Description
returns the Classification Loss
L
= resubLoss(ens
)L
by resubstitution for the trained classification ensemble
model ens
using the training data stored in
ens.X
and the corresponding true class labels stored in
ens.Y
. By default, resubLoss
uses the
loss, meaning the loss computed for the data used by fitcensemble
to create ens
.
The classification loss (L
) is a resubstitution quality
measure. Its interpretation depends on the loss function
(LossFun
) and weighting scheme, but in general, better
classifiers yield smaller classification loss values. The default
LossFun
value is "classiferror"
(misclassification rate in decimal).
specifies additional options using one or more name-value arguments. For example,
you can specify the loss function, the indices of the weak learners to use for
calculating the loss, and the aggregation level for the output.L
= resubLoss(ens
,Name=Value
)
Examples
Estimate Classification Error for Training Observations
Load Fisher"s iris data set.
load fisheriris
Train a classification ensemble of 100 decision trees using AdaBoostM2. Specify tree stumps as the weak learners.
t = templateTree(MaxNumSplits=1);
ens = fitcensemble(meas,species,Method="AdaBoostM2",Learners=t);
Estimate the resubstitution classification error.
loss = resubLoss(ens)
loss = 0.0333
Input Arguments
ens
— Classification ensemble model
ClassificationEnsemble
model object | ClassificationBaggedEnsemble
model object
Classification ensemble model, specified as a ClassificationEnsemble
or ClassificationBaggedEnsemble
model object trained with fitcensemble
.
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: resubLoss(ens,LossFun="exponential",UseParallel=true)
specifies to use an exponential loss function, and to perform computations in
parallel.
Learners
— Indices of weak learners
[1:ens.NumTrained]
(default) | vector of positive integers
Indices of the weak learners in the ensemble to use with
resubLoss
, specified as a
vector of positive integers in the range
[1:ens.NumTrained
]. By default,
the function uses all learners.
Example: Learners=[1 2 4]
Data Types: single
| double
LossFun
— Loss function
"classiferror"
(default) | "binodeviance"
| "classifcost"
| "exponential"
| "hinge"
| "logit"
| "mincost"
| "quadratic"
| function handle
Loss function, specified as a built-in loss function name or a function handle.
The following table describes the values for the built-in loss functions.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"binodeviance" | Binomial deviance |
"classifcost" | Observed misclassification cost |
"classiferror" | Misclassified rate in decimal |
"exponential" | Exponential loss |
"hinge" | Hinge loss |
"logit" | Logistic loss |
"mincost" | Minimal expected misclassification cost (for classification scores that are posterior probabilities) |
"quadratic" | Quadratic loss |
"mincost"
is appropriate for classification scores that are posterior probabilities.Bagged and subspace ensembles return posterior probabilities by default (
ens.Method
is"Bag"
or"Subspace"
).To use posterior probabilities as classification scores when the ensemble method is
"AdaBoostM1"
,"AdaBoostM2"
,"GentleBoost"
, or"LogitBoost"
, you must specify the double-logit score transform by entering the following:ens.ScoreTransform = "doublelogit";
For all other ensemble methods, the software does not support posterior probabilities as classification scores.
You can specify your own function using function handle notation. Suppose that
n
is the number of observations in X
, and
K
is the number of distinct classes
(numel(ens.ClassNames)
, where ens
is the input
model). Your function must have the signature
lossvalue = lossfun
(C,S,W,Cost)
The output argument
lossvalue
is a scalar.You specify the function name (
lossfun
).C
is ann
-by-K
logical matrix with rows indicating the class to which the corresponding observation belongs. The column order corresponds to the class order inens.ClassNames
.Create
C
by settingC(p,q) = 1
, if observationp
is in classq
, for each row. Set all other elements of rowp
to0
.S
is ann
-by-K
numeric matrix of classification scores. The column order corresponds to the class order inens.ClassNames
.S
is a matrix of classification scores, similar to the output ofpredict
.W
is ann
-by-1 numeric vector of observation weights. If you passW
, the software normalizes the weights to sum to1
.Cost
is a K-by-K
numeric matrix of misclassification costs. For example,Cost = ones(K) - eye(K)
specifies a cost of0
for correct classification and1
for misclassification.
For more details on loss functions, see Classification Loss.
Example: LossFun="binodeviance"
Example: LossFun=@
Lossfun
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
Mode
— Aggregation level for output
"ensemble"
(default) | "individual"
| "cumulative"
Aggregation level for the output, specified as "ensemble"
,
"individual"
, or "cumulative"
.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"ensemble" | The output is a scalar value, the loss for the entire ensemble. |
"individual" | The output is a vector with one element per trained learner. |
"cumulative" | The output is a vector in which element J is
obtained by using learners 1:J from the input
list of learners. |
Example: Mode="individual"
Data Types: char
| string
UseParallel
— Flag to run in parallel
false
or 0
(default) | true
or 1
Flag to run in parallel, specified as a numeric or logical
1
(true
) or 0
(false
). If you specify UseParallel=true
, the
resubLoss
function executes for
-loop iterations by
using parfor
. The loop runs in parallel when you
have Parallel Computing Toolbox™.
Example: UseParallel=true
Data Types: logical
More About
Classification Loss
Classification loss functions measure the predictive inaccuracy of classification models. When you compare the same type of loss among many models, a lower loss indicates a better predictive model.
Consider the following scenario.
L is the weighted average classification loss.
n is the sample size.
For binary classification:
yj is the observed class label. The software codes it as –1 or 1, indicating the negative or positive class (or the first or second class in the
ClassNames
property), respectively.f(Xj) is the positive-class classification score for observation (row) j of the predictor data X.
mj = yjf(Xj) is the classification score for classifying observation j into the class corresponding to yj. Positive values of mj indicate correct classification and do not contribute much to the average loss. Negative values of mj indicate incorrect classification and contribute significantly to the average loss.
For algorithms that support multiclass classification (that is, K ≥ 3):
yj* is a vector of K – 1 zeros, with 1 in the position corresponding to the true, observed class yj. For example, if the true class of the second observation is the third class and K = 4, then y2* = [
0 0 1 0
]′. The order of the classes corresponds to the order in theClassNames
property of the input model.f(Xj) is the length K vector of class scores for observation j of the predictor data X. The order of the scores corresponds to the order of the classes in the
ClassNames
property of the input model.mj = yj*′f(Xj). Therefore, mj is the scalar classification score that the model predicts for the true, observed class.
The weight for observation j is wj. The software normalizes the observation weights so that they sum to the corresponding prior class probability stored in the
Prior
property. Therefore,
Given this scenario, the following table describes the supported loss functions that you can specify by using the LossFun
name-value argument.
Loss Function | Value of LossFun | Equation |
---|---|---|
Binomial deviance | "binodeviance" | |
Observed misclassification cost | "classifcost" | where is the class label corresponding to the class with the maximal score, and is the user-specified cost of classifying an observation into class when its true class is yj. |
Misclassified rate in decimal | "classiferror" | where I{·} is the indicator function. |
Cross-entropy loss | "crossentropy" |
The weighted cross-entropy loss is where the weights are normalized to sum to n instead of 1. |
Exponential loss | "exponential" | |
Hinge loss | "hinge" | |
Logit loss | "logit" | |
Minimal expected misclassification cost | "mincost" |
The software computes the weighted minimal expected classification cost using this procedure for observations j = 1,...,n.
The weighted average of the minimal expected misclassification cost loss is |
Quadratic loss | "quadratic" |
If you use the default cost matrix (whose element value is 0 for correct classification
and 1 for incorrect classification), then the loss values for
"classifcost"
, "classiferror"
, and
"mincost"
are identical. For a model with a nondefault cost matrix,
the "classifcost"
loss is equivalent to the "mincost"
loss most of the time. These losses can be different if prediction into the class with
maximal posterior probability is different from prediction into the class with minimal
expected cost. Note that "mincost"
is appropriate only if classification
scores are posterior probabilities.
This figure compares the loss functions (except "classifcost"
,
"crossentropy"
, and "mincost"
) over the score
m for one observation. Some functions are normalized to pass through
the point (0,1).
Extended Capabilities
Automatic Parallel Support
Accelerate code by automatically running computation in parallel using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.
To run in parallel, set the UseParallel
name-value argument to
true
in the call to this function.
For more general information about parallel computing, see Run MATLAB Functions with Automatic Parallel Support (Parallel Computing Toolbox).
You cannot use UseParallel
with GPU arrays.
GPU Arrays
Accelerate code by running on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.
Usage notes and limitations:
You cannot use
UseParallel
with GPU arrays.
For more information, see Run MATLAB Functions on a GPU (Parallel Computing Toolbox).
Version History
Introduced in R2011aR2023b: Observations with missing predictor values are used in resubstitution and cross-validation computations
Starting in R2023b, the following classification model object functions use observations with missing predictor values as part of resubstitution ("resub") and cross-validation ("kfold") computations for classification edges, losses, margins, and predictions.
In previous releases, the software omitted observations with missing predictor values from the resubstitution and cross-validation computations.
R2022a: resubLoss
returns a different value for a model with a nondefault cost matrix
If you specify a nondefault cost matrix when you train the input model object, the resubLoss
function returns a different value compared to previous releases.
The resubLoss
function uses the
observation weights stored in the W
property. Also, the function uses the
cost matrix stored in the Cost
property if you specify the
LossFun
name-value argument as "classifcost"
or
"mincost"
. The way the function uses the W
and
Cost
property values has not changed. However, the property values stored in the input model object have changed for a
model with a nondefault cost matrix, so the function might return a different value.
For details about the property value changes, see Cost property stores the user-specified cost matrix.
If you want the software to handle the cost matrix, prior
probabilities, and observation weights in the same way as in previous releases, adjust the prior
probabilities and observation weights for the nondefault cost matrix, as described in Adjust Prior Probabilities and Observation Weights for Misclassification Cost Matrix. Then, when you train a
classification model, specify the adjusted prior probabilities and observation weights by using
the Prior
and Weights
name-value arguments, respectively,
and use the default cost matrix.
See Also
resubEdge
| resubMargin
| resubPredict
| resubLoss
| ClassificationEnsemble
| ClassificationBaggedEnsemble
| fitcensemble
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