incrementalLearner
Description
returns a naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning,
IncrementalMdl
= incrementalLearner(Mdl
)IncrementalMdl
, using the hyperparameters of the traditionally
trained naive Bayes classification model Mdl
. Because its property
values reflect the knowledge gained from Mdl
,
IncrementalMdl
can predict labels given new observations, and it is
warm, meaning that its predictive performance is tracked.
uses additional options specified by one or more name-value
arguments. Some options require you to train IncrementalMdl
= incrementalLearner(Mdl
,Name,Value
)IncrementalMdl
before its
predictive performance is tracked. For example,
'MetricsWarmupPeriod',50,'MetricsWindowSize',100
specifies a preliminary
incremental training period of 50 observations before performance metrics are tracked, and
specifies processing 100 observations before updating the window performance metrics.
Examples
Convert Traditionally Trained Model to Incremental Learner
Train a naive Bayes model by using fitcnb
, and then convert it to an incremental learner.
Load and Preprocess Data
Load the human activity data set.
load humanactivity
For details on the data set, enter Description
at the command line.
Train Naive Bayes Model
Fit a naive Bayes classification model to the entire data set.
TTMdl = fitcnb(feat,actid);
TTMdl
is a ClassificationNaiveBayes
model object representing a traditionally trained naive Bayes classification model.
Convert Trained Model
Convert the traditionally trained naive Bayes classification model to one suitable for incremental learning.
IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(TTMdl)
IncrementalMdl = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes IsWarm: 1 Metrics: [1x2 table] ClassNames: [1 2 3 4 5] ScoreTransform: 'none' DistributionNames: {1x60 cell} DistributionParameters: {5x60 cell}
IncrementalMdl
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object prepared for incremental learning using naive Bayes classification.
The
incrementalLearner
function initializes the incremental learner by passing learned conditional predictor distribution parameters to it, along with other informationTTMdl
extracts from the training data.IncrementalMdl
is warm (IsWarm
is1
), which means that incremental learning functions can track performance metrics and make predictions.
Predict Responses
An incremental learner created from converting a traditionally trained model can generate predictions without further processing.
Predict classification scores (class posterior probabilities) for all observations using both models.
[~,ttscores] = predict(TTMdl,feat); [~,ilcores] = predict(IncrementalMdl,feat); compareScores = norm(ttscores - ilcores)
compareScores = 0
The difference between the scores generated by the models is 0.
Configure Performance Metric Options
Use a trained naive Bayes model to initialize an incremental learner. Prepare the incremental learner by specifying a metrics warm-up period, during which the updateMetricsAndFit
function only fits the model. Specify a metrics window size of 500 observations.
Load the human activity data set.
load humanactivity
For details on the data set, enter Description
at the command line.
Randomly split the data in half: the first half for training a model traditionally, and the second half for incremental learning.
n = numel(actid); rng(1) % For reproducibility cvp = cvpartition(n,'Holdout',0.5); idxtt = training(cvp); idxil = test(cvp); % First half of data Xtt = feat(idxtt,:); Ytt = actid(idxtt); % Second half of data Xil = feat(idxil,:); Yil = actid(idxil);
Fit a naive Bayes model to the first half of the data. Suppose you want to double the penalty to the classifier when it mistakenly classifies class 2.
C = ones(5) - eye(5);
C(2,[1 3 4 5]) = 2;
TTMdl = fitcnb(Xtt,Ytt,'Cost',C);
Convert the traditionally trained naive Bayes model to a naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning. Specify the following:
A performance metrics warm-up period of 2000 observations.
A metrics window size of 500 observations.
Use of classification error and minimal cost to measure the performance of the model. You do not have to specify
"mincost"
forMetrics
becauseincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
always tracks this metric.
IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(TTMdl,'MetricsWarmupPeriod',2000,'MetricsWindowSize',500,... 'Metrics','classiferror');
Fit the incremental model to the second half of the data by using the updateMetricsAndFit
function. At each iteration:
Simulate a data stream by processing 20 observations at a time.
Overwrite the previous incremental model with a new one fitted to the incoming observations.
Store the mean of the second predictor within the first class , the cumulative metrics, and the window metrics to see how they evolve during incremental learning.
% Preallocation nil = numel(Yil); numObsPerChunk = 20; nchunk = ceil(nil/numObsPerChunk); ce = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); mc = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); mu12 = [IncrementalMdl.DistributionParameters{1,2}(1); zeros(nchunk,1)]; % Incremental fitting for j = 1:nchunk ibegin = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1); iend = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*j); idx = ibegin:iend; IncrementalMdl = updateMetricsAndFit(IncrementalMdl,Xil(idx,:),Yil(idx)); ce{j,:} = IncrementalMdl.Metrics{"ClassificationError",:}; mc{j,:} = IncrementalMdl.Metrics{"MinimalCost",:}; mu12(j + 1) = IncrementalMdl.DistributionParameters{1,2}(1); end
IncrementalMdl
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object trained on all the data in the stream. During incremental learning and after the model is warmed up, updateMetricsAndFit
checks the performance of the model on the incoming observations, and then fits the model to those observations.
To see how the performance metrics and evolve during training, plot them on separate tiles.
t = tiledlayout(3,1); nexttile plot(mu12) ylabel('\mu_{12}') xlim([0 nchunk]); xline(IncrementalMdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.'); nexttile h = plot(ce.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]); ylabel('Classification Error') xline(IncrementalMdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.'); legend(h,ce.Properties.VariableNames,'Location','northwest') nexttile h = plot(mc.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]); ylabel('Minimal Cost') xline(IncrementalMdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.'); legend(h,mc.Properties.VariableNames,'Location','northwest') xlabel(t,'Iteration')
The plots indicate that updateMetricsAndFit
performs the following actions:
Fit during all incremental learning iterations.
Compute the performance metrics after the metrics warm-up period (red vertical line) only.
Compute the cumulative metrics during each iteration.
Compute the window metrics after processing 500 observations (25 iterations).
Because the data is ordered by activity, the mean and performance metrics periodically change abruptly.
Input Arguments
Mdl
— Traditionally trained naive Bayes model for multiclass classification
ClassificationNaiveBayes
model object
Traditionally trained naive Bayes model for multiclass classification, specified as
a ClassificationNaiveBayes
model object
returned by fitcnb
. The conditional distribution of
each predictor variable, as stored in Mdl.DistributionNames
, cannot
be a kernel distribution.
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: 'Metrics',["classiferror" "mincost"],'MetricsWindowSize',100
specifies tracking the misclassification rate and minimal cost, and specifies processing 100
observations before updating the window performance metrics.
Metrics
— Model performance metrics to track during incremental learning
"mincost"
(default) | "classiferror"
| "hinge"
| "logit"
| string vector | function handle | structure array | ...
Model performance metrics to track during incremental learning with the updateMetrics
or
updateMetricsAndFit
function, specified as a built-in loss function name, string vector of names, function
handle (for example, @metricName
), structure array of function
handles, or cell vector of names, function handles, or structure arrays.
The following table lists the built-in loss function names. You can specify more than one by using a string vector.
Name | Description |
---|---|
"binodeviance" | Binomial deviance |
"classiferror" | Classification error |
"exponential" | Exponential |
"hinge" | Hinge |
"logit" | Logistic |
"mincost" | Minimal expected misclassification cost (for classification scores that are posterior probabilities) |
"quadratic" | Quadratic |
For more details on the built-in loss functions, see loss
.
Example: 'Metrics',["classiferror" "mincost"]
To specify a custom function that returns a performance metric, use function handle notation. The function must have this form.
metric = customMetric(C,S,Cost)
The output argument
metric
is an n-by-1 numeric vector, where each element is the loss of the corresponding observation in the data processed by the incremental learning functions during a learning cycle.You select the function name (here,
customMetric
).C
is an n-by-K logical matrix with rows indicating the class to which the corresponding observation belongs, where K is the number of classes. The column order corresponds to the class order in theClassNames
property. CreateC
by settingC(
=p
,q
)1
, if observation
is in classp
, for each observation in the specified data. Set the other element in rowq
top
0
.S
is an n-by-K numeric matrix of predicted classification scores.S
is similar to theScore
output ofpredict
, where rows correspond to observations in the data and the column order corresponds to the class order in theClassNames
property.S(
is the classification score of observationp
,q
)
being classified in classp
.q
Cost
is a K-by-K numeric matrix of misclassification costs. See the'Cost'
name-value argument.
To specify multiple custom metrics and assign a custom name to each, use a structure array. To specify a combination of built-in and custom metrics, use a cell vector.
Example: 'Metrics',struct('Metric1',@customMetric1,'Metric2',@customMetric2)
Example: 'Metrics',{@customMetric1 @customMetric2 'logit' struct('Metric3',@customMetric3)}
updateMetrics
and updateMetricsAndFit
store specified metrics in a table in the property IncrementalMdl.Metrics
. The data type of Metrics
determines the row names of the table.
'Metrics' Value Data Type | Description of Metrics Property Row Name | Example |
---|---|---|
String or character vector | Name of corresponding built-in metric | Row name for "classiferror" is "ClassificationError" |
Structure array | Field name | Row name for struct('Metric1',@customMetric1) is "Metric1" |
Function handle to function stored in a program file | Name of function | Row name for @customMetric is "customMetric" |
Anonymous function | CustomMetric_ , where is metric in Metrics | Row name for @(C,S,Cost)customMetric(C,S,Cost)... is CustomMetric_1 |
For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.
Data Types: char
| string
| struct
| cell
| function_handle
MetricsWarmupPeriod
— Number of observations fit before tracking performance metrics
0
(default) | nonnegative integer
Number of observations the incremental model must be fit to before it tracks
performance metrics in its Metrics
property, specified as a
nonnegative integer. The incremental model is warm after incremental fitting functions
fit MetricsWarmupPeriod
observations to the incremental
model.
For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.
Example: 'MetricsWarmupPeriod',50
Data Types: single
| double
MetricsWindowSize
— Number of observations to use to compute window performance metrics
200
(default) | positive integer
Number of observations to use to compute window performance metrics, specified as a positive integer.
For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.
Example: 'MetricsWindowSize',100
Data Types: single
| double
Output Arguments
IncrementalMdl
— Naive Bayes classification for incremental learning
incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object
Naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning, returned as an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object. IncrementalMdl
is also configured to generate predictions given new data (see predict
).
incrementalLearner
initializes IncrementalMdl
for
incremental learning using the model information in Mdl
. The
following table shows the Mdl
properties that
incrementalLearner
passes to corresponding properties of
IncrementalMdl
. The function also uses other model properties
required to initialize IncrementalMdl
, such as Y
(class labels) and W
(observation weights).
Property | Description |
---|---|
CategoricalLevels | Multivariate multinomial predictor levels, a cell array with length
equal to |
CategoricalPredictors | Categorical predictor indices, a vector of positive integers |
ClassNames | Class labels for binary classification, a list of names |
Cost | Misclassification costs, a numeric matrix |
DistributionNames | Names of the conditional distributions of the predictor variables, either
a cell array in which each cell contains 'normal' or
'mvmn' , or the value 'mn' |
DistributionParameters | Parameter values of the conditional distributions of the predictor
variables, a cell array of length 2 numeric vectors (for details, see
DistributionParameters ) |
NumPredictors | Number of predictors, a positive integer |
Prior | Prior class label distribution, a numeric vector |
ScoreTransform | Score transformation function, a function name or function handle |
More About
Incremental Learning
Incremental learning, or online learning, is a branch of machine learning concerned with processing incoming data from a data stream, possibly given little to no knowledge of the distribution of the predictor variables, aspects of the prediction or objective function (including tuning parameter values), or whether the observations are labeled. Incremental learning differs from traditional machine learning, where enough labeled data is available to fit to a model, perform cross-validation to tune hyperparameters, and infer the predictor distribution.
Given incoming observations, an incremental learning model processes data in any of the following ways, but usually in this order:
Predict labels.
Measure the predictive performance.
Check for structural breaks or drift in the model.
Fit the model to the incoming observations.
For more details, see Incremental Learning Overview.
Algorithms
Performance Metrics
The
updateMetrics
andupdateMetricsAndFit
functions track model performance metrics (Metrics
) from new data only when the incremental model is warm (IsWarm
property istrue
).If you create an incremental model by using
incrementalLearner
andMetricsWarmupPeriod
is 0 (default forincrementalLearner
), the model is warm at creation.Otherwise, an incremental model becomes warm after
fit
orupdateMetricsAndFit
performs both of these actions:Fit the incremental model to
MetricsWarmupPeriod
observations, which is the metrics warm-up period.Fit the incremental model to all expected classes (see the
MaxNumClasses
andClassNames
arguments ofincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
).
The
Metrics
property of the incremental model stores two forms of each performance metric as variables (columns) of a table,Cumulative
andWindow
, with individual metrics in rows. When the incremental model is warm,updateMetrics
andupdateMetricsAndFit
update the metrics at the following frequencies:Cumulative
— The functions compute cumulative metrics since the start of model performance tracking. The functions update metrics every time you call the functions and base the calculation on the entire supplied data set.Window
— The functions compute metrics based on all observations within a window determined by theMetricsWindowSize
name-value argument.MetricsWindowSize
also determines the frequency at which the software updatesWindow
metrics. For example, ifMetricsWindowSize
is 20, the functions compute metrics based on the last 20 observations in the supplied data (X((end – 20 + 1):end,:)
andY((end – 20 + 1):end)
).Incremental functions that track performance metrics within a window use the following process:
Store a buffer of length
MetricsWindowSize
for each specified metric, and store a buffer of observation weights.Populate elements of the metrics buffer with the model performance based on batches of incoming observations, and store corresponding observation weights in the weights buffer.
When the buffer is full, overwrite
Mdl.Metrics.Window
with the weighted average performance in the metrics window. If the buffer overfills when the function processes a batch of observations, the latest incomingMetricsWindowSize
observations enter the buffer, and the earliest observations are removed from the buffer. For example, supposeMetricsWindowSize
is 20, the metrics buffer has 10 values from a previously processed batch, and 15 values are incoming. To compose the length 20 window, the functions use the measurements from the 15 incoming observations and the latest 5 measurements from the previous batch.
The software omits an observation with a
NaN
score when computing theCumulative
andWindow
performance metric values.
Version History
Introduced in R2021a
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