fitcnb

Train multiclass naive Bayes model

Syntax

Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,ResponseVarName)

Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,formula)

Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,Y)

Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y)

Mdl = fitcnb(___,Name,Value)

Description

Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,ResponseVarName) returns a multiclass naive Bayes model (Mdl), trained by the predictors in table Tbl and class labels in the variable Tbl.ResponseVarName.

Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,formula) returns a multiclass naive Bayes model (Mdl), trained by the predictors in table Tbl. formula is an explanatory model of the response and a subset of predictor variables in Tbl used to fit Mdl.

Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,Y) returns a multiclass naive Bayes model (Mdl), trained by the predictors in the table Tbl and class labels in the array Y.

Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y) returns a multiclass naive Bayes model (Mdl), trained by predictors X and class labels Y.

Mdl = fitcnb(___,Name,Value) returns a naive Bayes classifier with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments, using any of the previous syntaxes. For example, you can specify a distribution to model the data, prior probabilities for the classes, or the kernel smoothing window bandwidth.

Examples

Train a Naive Bayes Classifier

Load Fisher's iris data set.

load fisheriris
X = meas(:,3:4);
Y = species;
tabulate(Y)

       Value    Count   Percent
      setosa       50     33.33%
  versicolor       50     33.33%
   virginica       50     33.33%

The software can classify data with more than two classes using naive Bayes methods.

Train a naive Bayes classifier. It is good practice to specify the class order.

Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y,...
    'ClassNames',{'setosa','versicolor','virginica'})

Mdl = 
  ClassificationNaiveBayes
              ResponseName: 'Y'
     CategoricalPredictors: []
                ClassNames: {'setosa'  'versicolor'  'virginica'}
            ScoreTransform: 'none'
           NumObservations: 150
         DistributionNames: {'normal'  'normal'}
    DistributionParameters: {3x2 cell}


  Properties, Methods

Mdl is a trained ClassificationNaiveBayes classifier.

By default, the software models the predictor distribution within each class using a Gaussian distribution having some mean and standard deviation. Use dot notation to display the parameters of a particular Gaussian fit, e.g., display the fit for the first feature within setosa.

setosaIndex = strcmp(Mdl.ClassNames,'setosa');
estimates = Mdl.DistributionParameters{setosaIndex,1}

estimates = 2×1

    1.4620
    0.1737

The mean is 1.4620 and the standard deviation is 0.1737.

Plot the Gaussian contours.

figure
gscatter(X(:,1),X(:,2),Y);
h = gca;
cxlim = h.XLim;
cylim = h.YLim;
hold on
Params = cell2mat(Mdl.DistributionParameters); 
Mu = Params(2*(1:3)-1,1:2); % Extract the means
Sigma = zeros(2,2,3);
for j = 1:3
    Sigma(:,:,j) = diag(Params(2*j,:)).^2; % Create diagonal covariance matrix
    xlim = Mu(j,1) + 4*[-1 1]*sqrt(Sigma(1,1,j));
    ylim = Mu(j,2) + 4*[-1 1]*sqrt(Sigma(2,2,j));
    f = @(x1,x2)reshape(mvnpdf([x1(:),x2(:)],Mu(j,:),Sigma(:,:,j)),size(x1));
    fcontour(f,[xlim ylim]) % Draw contours for the multivariate normal distributions 
end
h.XLim = cxlim;
h.YLim = cylim;
title('Naive Bayes Classifier -- Fisher''s Iris Data')
xlabel('Petal Length (cm)')
ylabel('Petal Width (cm)')
legend('setosa','versicolor','virginica')
hold off

You can change the default distribution using the name-value pair argument 'DistributionNames'. For example, if some predictors are categorical, then you can specify that they are multivariate, multinomial random variables using 'DistributionNames','mvmn'.

Specify Prior Probabilities When Training Naive Bayes Classifiers

Construct a naive Bayes classifier for Fisher's iris data set. Also, specify prior probabilities during training.

Load Fisher's iris data set.

load fisheriris
X = meas;
Y = species;
classNames = {'setosa','versicolor','virginica'}; % Class order

X is a numeric matrix that contains four petal measurements for 150 irises. Y is a cell array of character vectors that contains the corresponding iris species.

By default, the prior class probability distribution is the relative frequency distribution of the classes in the data set, which in this case is 33% for each species. However, suppose you know that in the population 50% of the irises are setosa, 20% are versicolor, and 30% are virginica. You can incorporate this information by specifying this distribution as a prior probability during training.

Train a naive Bayes classifier. Specify the class order and prior class probability distribution.

prior = [0.5 0.2 0.3];
Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y,'ClassNames',classNames,'Prior',prior)

Mdl = 
  ClassificationNaiveBayes
              ResponseName: 'Y'
     CategoricalPredictors: []
                ClassNames: {'setosa'  'versicolor'  'virginica'}
            ScoreTransform: 'none'
           NumObservations: 150
         DistributionNames: {'normal'  'normal'  'normal'  'normal'}
    DistributionParameters: {3x4 cell}


  Properties, Methods

Mdl is a trained ClassificationNaiveBayes classifier, and some of its properties appear in the Command Window. The software treats the predictors as independent given a class, and, by default, fits them using normal distributions.

The naive Bayes algorithm does not use the prior class probabilities during training. Therefore, you can specify prior class probabilities after training using dot notation. For example, suppose that you want to see the difference in performance between a model that uses the default prior class probabilities and a model that uses prior.

Create a new naive Bayes model based on Mdl, and specify that the prior class probability distribution is an empirical class distribution.

defaultPriorMdl = Mdl;
FreqDist = cell2table(tabulate(Y));
defaultPriorMdl.Prior = FreqDist{:,3};

The software normalizes the prior class probabilities to sum to 1.

Estimate the cross-validation error for both models using 10-fold cross-validation.

rng(1); % For reproducibility
defaultCVMdl = crossval(defaultPriorMdl);
defaultLoss = kfoldLoss(defaultCVMdl)

defaultLoss = 0.0533

CVMdl = crossval(Mdl);
Loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl)

Loss = 0.0340

Mdl performs better than defaultPriorMdl.

Specify Predictor Distributions for Naive Bayes Classifiers

Load Fisher's iris data set.

load fisheriris
X = meas;
Y = species;

Train a naive Bayes classifier using every predictor. It is good practice to specify the class order.

Mdl1 = fitcnb(X,Y,...
    'ClassNames',{'setosa','versicolor','virginica'})

Mdl1 = 
  ClassificationNaiveBayes
              ResponseName: 'Y'
     CategoricalPredictors: []
                ClassNames: {'setosa'  'versicolor'  'virginica'}
            ScoreTransform: 'none'
           NumObservations: 150
         DistributionNames: {'normal'  'normal'  'normal'  'normal'}
    DistributionParameters: {3x4 cell}


  Properties, Methods

Mdl1.DistributionParameters

ans=3×4 cell
    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}
    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}
    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}    {2x1 double}

Mdl1.DistributionParameters{1,2}

ans = 2×1

    3.4280
    0.3791

By default, the software models the predictor distribution within each class as a Gaussian with some mean and standard deviation. There are four predictors and three class levels. Each cell in Mdl1.DistributionParameters corresponds to a numeric vector containing the mean and standard deviation of each distribution, e.g., the mean and standard deviation for setosa iris sepal widths are 3.4280 and 0.3791, respectively.

Estimate the confusion matrix for Mdl1.

isLabels1 = resubPredict(Mdl1);
ConfusionMat1 = confusionchart(Y,isLabels1);

Element (j, k) of the confusion matrix chart represents the number of observations that the software classifies as k, but are truly in class j according to the data.

Retrain the classifier using the Gaussian distribution for predictors 1 and 2 (the sepal lengths and widths), and the default normal kernel density for predictors 3 and 4 (the petal lengths and widths).

Mdl2 = fitcnb(X,Y,...
    'DistributionNames',{'normal','normal','kernel','kernel'},...
    'ClassNames',{'setosa','versicolor','virginica'});
Mdl2.DistributionParameters{1,2}

ans = 2×1

    3.4280
    0.3791

The software does not train parameters to the kernel density. Rather, the software chooses an optimal width. However, you can specify a width using the 'Width' name-value pair argument.

Estimate the confusion matrix for Mdl2.

isLabels2 = resubPredict(Mdl2);
ConfusionMat2 = confusionchart(Y,isLabels2);

Based on the confusion matrices, the two classifiers perform similarly in the training sample.

Compare Classifiers Using Cross-Validation

Load Fisher's iris data set.

load fisheriris
X = meas;
Y = species;
rng(1); % For reproducibility

Train and cross-validate a naive Bayes classifier using the default options and k-fold cross-validation. It is good practice to specify the class order.

CVMdl1 = fitcnb(X,Y,...
    'ClassNames',{'setosa','versicolor','virginica'},...
    'CrossVal','on');

By default, the software models the predictor distribution within each class as a Gaussian with some mean and standard deviation. CVMdl1 is a ClassificationPartitionedModel model.

Create a default naive Bayes binary classifier template, and train an error-correcting, output codes multiclass model.

t = templateNaiveBayes();
CVMdl2 = fitcecoc(X,Y,'CrossVal','on','Learners',t);

CVMdl2 is a ClassificationPartitionedECOC model. You can specify options for the naive Bayes binary learners using the same name-value pair arguments as for fitcnb.

Compare the out-of-sample k-fold classification error (proportion of misclassified observations).

classErr1 = kfoldLoss(CVMdl1,'LossFun','ClassifErr')

classErr1 = 0.0533

classErr2 = kfoldLoss(CVMdl2,'LossFun','ClassifErr')

classErr2 = 0.0467

Mdl2 has a lower generalization error.

Train Naive Bayes Classifiers Using Multinomial Predictors

Some spam filters classify an incoming email as spam based on how many times a word or punctuation (called tokens) occurs in an email. The predictors are the frequencies of particular words or punctuations in an email. Therefore, the predictors compose multinomial random variables.

This example illustrates classification using naive Bayes and multinomial predictors.

Create Training Data

Suppose you observed 1000 emails and classified them as spam or not spam. Do this by randomly assigning -1 or 1 to y for each email.

n = 1000;                       % Sample size
rng(1);                         % For reproducibility
Y = randsample([-1 1],n,true);  % Random labels

To build the predictor data, suppose that there are five tokens in the vocabulary, and 20 observed tokens per email. Generate predictor data from the five tokens by drawing random, multinomial deviates. The relative frequencies for tokens corresponding to spam emails should differ from emails that are not spam.

tokenProbs = [0.2 0.3 0.1 0.15 0.25;...
    0.4 0.1 0.3 0.05 0.15];             % Token relative frequencies  
tokensPerEmail = 20;                    % Fixed for convenience
X = zeros(n,5);
X(Y == 1,:) = mnrnd(tokensPerEmail,tokenProbs(1,:),sum(Y == 1));
X(Y == -1,:) = mnrnd(tokensPerEmail,tokenProbs(2,:),sum(Y == -1));

Train the Classifier

Train a naive Bayes classifier. Specify that the predictors are multinomial.

Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y,'DistributionNames','mn');

Mdl is a trained ClassificationNaiveBayes classifier.

Assess the in-sample performance of Mdl by estimating the misclassification error.

isGenRate = resubLoss(Mdl,'LossFun','ClassifErr')

isGenRate = 0.0200

The in-sample misclassification rate is 2%.

Create New Data

Randomly generate deviates that represent a new batch of emails.

newN = 500;
newY = randsample([-1 1],newN,true);
newX = zeros(newN,5);
newX(newY == 1,:) = mnrnd(tokensPerEmail,tokenProbs(1,:),...
    sum(newY == 1));
newX(newY == -1,:) = mnrnd(tokensPerEmail,tokenProbs(2,:),...
    sum(newY == -1));

Assess Classifier Performance

Classify the new emails using the trained naive Bayes classifier Mdl, and determine whether the algorithm generalizes.

oosGenRate = loss(Mdl,newX,newY)

oosGenRate = 0.0261

The out-of-sample misclassification rate is 2.6% indicating that the classifier generalizes fairly well.

Optimize Naive Bayes Classifier

This example shows how to use the OptimizeHyperparameters name-value pair to minimize cross-validation loss in a naive Bayes classifier using fitcnb. The example uses Fisher's iris data.

Load Fisher's iris data.

load fisheriris
X = meas;
Y = species;
classNames = {'setosa','versicolor','virginica'};

Optimize the classification using the 'auto' parameters.

For reproducibility, set the random seed and use the 'expected-improvement-plus' acquisition function.

rng default
Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y,'ClassNames',classNames,'OptimizeHyperparameters','auto',...
    'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions',struct('AcquisitionFunctionName',...
    'expected-improvement-plus'))

Warning: It is recommended that you first standardize all numeric predictors when optimizing the Naive Bayes 'Width' parameter. Ignore this warning if you have done that.

|=====================================================================================================|
| Iter | Eval   | Objective   | Objective   | BestSoFar   | BestSoFar   | Distribution-|        Width |
|      | result |             | runtime     | (observed)  | (estim.)    | Names        |              |
|=====================================================================================================|
|    1 | Best   |    0.053333 |     0.68564 |    0.053333 |    0.053333 |       normal |            - |
|    2 | Best   |    0.046667 |     0.79464 |    0.046667 |    0.049998 |       kernel |      0.11903 |
|    3 | Accept |    0.053333 |     0.18544 |    0.046667 |    0.046667 |       normal |            - |
|    4 | Accept |    0.086667 |     0.81605 |    0.046667 |    0.046668 |       kernel |       2.4506 |
|    5 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.72906 |    0.046667 |    0.046663 |       kernel |      0.10449 |
|    6 | Accept |    0.073333 |      1.1587 |    0.046667 |    0.046665 |       kernel |     0.025044 |
|    7 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.64032 |    0.046667 |    0.046655 |       kernel |      0.27647 |
|    8 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.76968 |    0.046667 |    0.046647 |       kernel |       0.2031 |
|    9 | Accept |        0.06 |     0.54339 |    0.046667 |    0.046658 |       kernel |      0.44271 |
|   10 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.51103 |    0.046667 |    0.046618 |       kernel |       0.2412 |
|   11 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.85673 |    0.046667 |    0.046619 |       kernel |     0.071925 |
|   12 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.42052 |    0.046667 |    0.046612 |       kernel |     0.083459 |
|   13 | Accept |    0.046667 |       1.015 |    0.046667 |    0.046603 |       kernel |      0.15661 |
|   14 | Accept |    0.046667 |      0.8529 |    0.046667 |    0.046607 |       kernel |      0.25613 |
|   15 | Accept |    0.046667 |      1.0546 |    0.046667 |    0.046606 |       kernel |      0.17776 |
|   16 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.92885 |    0.046667 |    0.046606 |       kernel |      0.13632 |
|   17 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.52388 |    0.046667 |    0.046606 |       kernel |     0.077598 |
|   18 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.44805 |    0.046667 |    0.046626 |       kernel |      0.25646 |
|   19 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.99001 |    0.046667 |    0.046626 |       kernel |     0.093584 |
|   20 | Accept |    0.046667 |      1.5925 |    0.046667 |    0.046627 |       kernel |     0.061602 |
|=====================================================================================================|
| Iter | Eval   | Objective   | Objective   | BestSoFar   | BestSoFar   | Distribution-|        Width |
|      | result |             | runtime     | (observed)  | (estim.)    | Names        |              |
|=====================================================================================================|
|   21 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.42603 |    0.046667 |    0.046627 |       kernel |     0.066532 |
|   22 | Accept |    0.093333 |     0.35516 |    0.046667 |    0.046618 |       kernel |       5.8968 |
|   23 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.44698 |    0.046667 |    0.046619 |       kernel |     0.067045 |
|   24 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.37754 |    0.046667 |     0.04663 |       kernel |      0.25281 |
|   25 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.37137 |    0.046667 |     0.04663 |       kernel |       0.1473 |
|   26 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.45956 |    0.046667 |    0.046631 |       kernel |      0.17211 |
|   27 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.55715 |    0.046667 |    0.046631 |       kernel |      0.12457 |
|   28 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.30027 |    0.046667 |    0.046631 |       kernel |     0.066659 |
|   29 | Accept |    0.046667 |     0.52688 |    0.046667 |    0.046631 |       kernel |       0.1081 |
|   30 | Accept |        0.08 |     0.43307 |    0.046667 |    0.046628 |       kernel |       1.1048 |

__________________________________________________________
Optimization completed.
MaxObjectiveEvaluations of 30 reached.
Total function evaluations: 30
Total elapsed time: 79.4914 seconds.
Total objective function evaluation time: 19.771

Best observed feasible point:
    DistributionNames     Width 
    _________________    _______

         kernel          0.11903

Observed objective function value = 0.046667
Estimated objective function value = 0.046628
Function evaluation time = 0.79464

Best estimated feasible point (according to models):
    DistributionNames     Width 
    _________________    _______

         kernel          0.25613

Estimated objective function value = 0.046628
Estimated function evaluation time = 0.59582

Mdl = 
  ClassificationNaiveBayes
                         ResponseName: 'Y'
                CategoricalPredictors: []
                           ClassNames: {'setosa'  'versicolor'  'virginica'}
                       ScoreTransform: 'none'
                      NumObservations: 150
    HyperparameterOptimizationResults: [1x1 BayesianOptimization]
                    DistributionNames: {1x4 cell}
               DistributionParameters: {3x4 cell}
                               Kernel: {1x4 cell}
                              Support: {1x4 cell}
                                Width: [3x4 double]


  Properties, Methods

Input Arguments

Tbl — Sample data

table

Sample data used to train the model, specified as a table. Each row of Tbl corresponds to one observation, and each column corresponds to one predictor variable. Optionally, Tbl can contain one additional column for the response variable. Multicolumn variables and cell arrays other than cell arrays of character vectors are not allowed.

If Tbl contains the response variable, and you want to use all remaining variables in Tbl as predictors, then specify the response variable by using ResponseVarName.

If Tbl contains the response variable, and you want to use only a subset of the remaining variables in Tbl as predictors, then specify a formula by using formula.

If Tbl does not contain the response variable, then specify a response variable by using Y. The length of the response variable and the number of rows in Tbl must be equal.

Data Types: table

ResponseVarName — Response variable name

name of variable in Tbl

Response variable name, specified as the name of a variable in Tbl.

You must specify ResponseVarName as a character vector or string scalar. For example, if the response variable Y is stored as Tbl.Y, then specify it as 'Y'. Otherwise, the software treats all columns of Tbl, including Y, as predictors when training the model.

The response variable must be a categorical, character, or string array, logical or numeric vector, or cell array of character vectors. If Y is a character array, then each element of the response variable must correspond to one row of the array.

It is a good practice to specify the order of the classes by using the ClassNames name-value pair argument.

Data Types: char | string

formula — Explanatory model of response variable and subset of predictor variables

character vector | string scalar

Explanatory model of the response variable and a subset of the predictor variables, specified as a character vector or string scalar in the form 'Y~X1+X2+X3'. In this form, Y represents the response variable, and X1, X2, and X3 represent the predictor variables.

To specify a subset of variables in Tbl as predictors for training the model, use a formula. If you specify a formula, then the software does not use any variables in Tbl that do not appear in formula.

The variable names in the formula must be both variable names in Tbl (Tbl.Properties.VariableNames) and valid MATLAB^® identifiers.

You can verify the variable names in Tbl by using the isvarname function. The following code returns logical 1 (true) for each variable that has a valid variable name.

cellfun(@isvarname,Tbl.Properties.VariableNames)

If the variable names in Tbl are not valid, then convert them by using the matlab.lang.makeValidName function.

Tbl.Properties.VariableNames = matlab.lang.makeValidName(Tbl.Properties.VariableNames);

Data Types: char | string

Y — Class labels

categorical array | character array | string array | logical vector | numeric vector | cell array of character vectors

Class labels to which the naive Bayes classifier is trained, specified as a categorical, character, or string array, a logical or numeric vector, or a cell array of character vectors. Each element of Y defines the class membership of the corresponding row of X. Y supports K class levels.

If Y is a character array, then each row must correspond to one class label.

The length of Y and the number of rows of X must be equivalent.

Data Types: categorical | char | string | logical | single | double | cell

X — Predictor data

numeric matrix

Predictor data, specified as a numeric matrix.

Each row of X corresponds to one observation (also known as an instance or example), and each column corresponds to one variable (also known as a feature).

The length of Y and the number of rows of X must be equivalent.

Data Types: double

Note:

The software treats NaN, empty character vector (''), empty string (""), <missing>, and <undefined> elements as missing data values.

• If Y contains missing values, then the software removes them and the corresponding rows of X.

• If X contains any rows composed entirely of missing values, then the software removes those rows and the corresponding elements of Y.

• If X contains missing values and you set 'DistributionNames','mn', then the software removes those rows of X and the corresponding elements of Y.

• If a predictor is not represented in a class, that is, if all of its values are NaN within a class, then the software returns an error.

Removing rows of X and corresponding elements of Y decreases the effective training or cross-validation sample size.

Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside quotes. You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.

Example: 'DistributionNames','mn','Prior','uniform','KSWidth',0.5 specifies that the data distribution is multinomial, the prior probabilities for all classes are equal, and the kernel smoothing window bandwidth for all classes is 0.5 units.

Note

You cannot use any cross-validation name-value pair argument along with the 'OptimizeHyperparameters' name-value pair argument. You can modify the cross-validation for 'OptimizeHyperparameters' only by using the 'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions' name-value pair argument.

Naive Bayes Options

'DistributionNames' — Data distributions

'kernel' | 'mn' | 'mvmn' | 'normal' | string array | cell array of character vectors

Data distributions fitcnb uses to model the data, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'DistributionNames' and a character vector or string scalar, a string array, or a cell array of character vectors with values from this table.

Value	Description
'kernel'	Kernel smoothing density estimate.
'mn'	Multinomial distribution. If you specify mn, then all features are components of a multinomial distribution. Therefore, you cannot include 'mn' as an element of a string array or a cell array of character vectors. For details, see Algorithms.
'mvmn'	Multivariate multinomial distribution. For details, see Algorithms.
'normal'	Normal (Gaussian) distribution.

If you specify a character vector or string scalar, then the software models all the features using that distribution. If you specify a 1-by-P string array or cell array of character vectors, then the software models feature j using the distribution in element j of the array.

By default, the software sets all predictors specified as categorical predictors (using the CategoricalPredictors name-value pair argument) to 'mvmn'. Otherwise, the default distribution is 'normal'.

You must specify that at least one predictor has distribution 'kernel' to additionally specify Kernel, Support, or Width.

Example: 'DistributionNames','mn'

Example: 'DistributionNames',{'kernel','normal','kernel'}

'Kernel' — Kernel smoother type

'normal' (default) | 'box' | 'epanechnikov' | 'triangle' | string array | cell array of character vectors

Kernel smoother type, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Kernel' and a character vector or string scalar, a string array, or a cell array of character vectors.

This table summarizes the available options for setting the kernel smoothing density region. Let I{u} denote the indicator function.

Value	Kernel	Formula
'box'	Box (uniform)	$$f(x)=0.5I\left\{\left|x\right|\le 1\right\}$$
'epanechnikov'	Epanechnikov	$$f(x)=0.75\left(1-x^2\right)I\left\{\left|x\right|\le 1\right\}$$
'normal'	Gaussian	$$f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\exp \left(-0.5x^2\right)$$
'triangle'	Triangular	$$f(x)=\left(1-\left|x\right|\right)I\left\{\left|x\right|\le 1\right\}$$

If you specify a 1-by-P string array or cell array, with each element of the array containing any value in the table, then the software trains the classifier using the kernel smoother type in element j for feature j in X. The software ignores elements of Kernel not corresponding to a predictor whose distribution is 'kernel'.

You must specify that at least one predictor has distribution 'kernel' to additionally specify Kernel, Support, or Width.

Example: 'Kernel',{'epanechnikov','normal'}

'Support' — Kernel smoothing density support

'unbounded' (default) | 'positive' | string array | cell array | numeric row vector

Kernel smoothing density support, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Support' and 'positive', 'unbounded', a string array, a cell array, or a numeric row vector. The software applies the kernel smoothing density to the specified region.

This table summarizes the available options for setting the kernel smoothing density region.

Value	Description
1-by-2 numeric row vector	For example, [L,U], where L and U are the finite lower and upper bounds, respectively, for the density support.
'positive'	The density support is all positive real values.
'unbounded'	The density support is all real values.

If you specify a 1-by-P string array or cell array, with each element in the string array containing any text value in the table and each element in the cell array containing any value in the table, then the software trains the classifier using the kernel support in element j for feature j in X. The software ignores elements of Kernel not corresponding to a predictor whose distribution is 'kernel'.

You must specify that at least one predictor has distribution 'kernel' to additionally specify Kernel, Support, or Width.

Example: 'KSSupport',{[-10,20],'unbounded'}

Data Types: char | string | cell | double

'Width' — Kernel smoothing window width

matrix of numeric values | numeric column vector | numeric row vector | scalar

Kernel smoothing window width, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Width' and a matrix of numeric values, numeric column vector, numeric row vector, or scalar.

Suppose there are K class levels and P predictors. This table summarizes the available options for setting the kernel smoothing window width.

Value	Description
K-by-P matrix of numeric values	Element (k,j) specifies the width for predictor j in class k.
K-by-1 numeric column vector	Element k specifies the width for all predictors in class k.
1-by-P numeric row vector	Element j specifies the width in all class levels for predictor j.
scalar	Specifies the bandwidth for all features in all classes.

By default, the software selects a default width automatically for each combination of predictor and class by using a value that is optimal for a Gaussian distribution. If you specify Width and it contains NaNs, then the software selects widths for the elements containing NaNs.

You must specify that at least one predictor has distribution 'kernel' to additionally specify Kernel, Support, or Width.

Example: 'Width',[NaN NaN]

Data Types: double | struct

Cross-Validation Options

'CrossVal' — Cross-validation flag

'off' (default) | 'on'

Cross-validation flag, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Crossval' and 'on' or 'off'.

If you specify 'on', then the software implements 10-fold cross-validation.

To override this cross-validation setting, use one of these name-value pair arguments: CVPartition, Holdout, KFold, or Leaveout. To create a cross-validated model, you can use one cross-validation name-value pair argument at a time only.

Alternatively, cross-validate later by passing Mdl to crossval.

Example: 'CrossVal','on'

'CVPartition' — Cross-validation partition

[] (default) | cvpartition partition object

Cross-validation partition, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'CVPartition' and a cvpartition partition object created by cvpartition. The partition object specifies the type of cross-validation and the indexing for the training and validation sets.

To create a cross-validated model, you can use one of these four name-value pair arguments only: CVPartition, Holdout, KFold, or Leaveout.

Example: Suppose you create a random partition for 5-fold cross-validation on 500 observations by using cvp = cvpartition(500,'KFold',5). Then, you can specify the cross-validated model by using 'CVPartition',cvp.

'Holdout' — Fraction of data for holdout validation

scalar value in the range (0,1)

Fraction of the data used for holdout validation, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Holdout' and a scalar value in the range (0,1). If you specify 'Holdout',p, then the software completes these steps:

1. Randomly select and reserve p*100% of the data as validation data, and train the model using the rest of the data.

2. Store the compact, trained model in the Trained property of the cross-validated model.

To create a cross-validated model, you can use one of these four name-value pair arguments only: CVPartition, Holdout, KFold, or Leaveout.

Example: 'Holdout',0.1

Data Types: double | single

'KFold' — Number of folds

10 (default) | positive integer value greater than 1

Number of folds to use in a cross-validated model, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'KFold' and a positive integer value greater than 1. If you specify 'KFold',k, then the software completes these steps:

1. Randomly partition the data into k sets.

2. For each set, reserve the set as validation data, and train the model using the other k – 1 sets.

3. Store the k compact, trained models in the cells of a k-by-1 cell vector in the Trained property of the cross-validated model.

To create a cross-validated model, you can use one of these four name-value pair arguments only: CVPartition, Holdout, KFold, or Leaveout.

Example: 'KFold',5

Data Types: single | double

'Leaveout' — Leave-one-out cross-validation flag

'off' (default) | 'on'

Leave-one-out cross-validation flag, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Leaveout' and 'on' or 'off'. If you specify 'Leaveout','on', then, for each of the n observations (where n is the number of observations excluding missing observations, specified in the NumObservations property of the model), the software completes these steps:

1. Reserve the observation as validation data, and train the model using the other n – 1 observations.

2. Store the n compact, trained models in the cells of an n-by-1 cell vector in the Trained property of the cross-validated model.

To create a cross-validated model, you can use one of these four name-value pair arguments only: CVPartition, Holdout, KFold, or Leaveout.

Example: 'Leaveout','on'

Other Classification Options

'CategoricalPredictors' — Categorical predictors list

vector of positive integers | logical vector | character matrix | string array | cell array of character vectors | 'all'

Categorical predictors list, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'CategoricalPredictors' and one of the values in this table.

Value	Description
Vector of positive integers	Each entry in the vector is an index value corresponding to the column of the predictor data (X or Tbl) that contains a categorical variable.
Logical vector	A true entry means that the corresponding column of predictor data (X or Tbl) is a categorical variable.
Character matrix	Each row of the matrix is the name of a predictor variable. The names must match the entries in PredictorNames. Pad the names with extra blanks so each row of the character matrix has the same length.
String array or cell array of character vectors	Each element in the array is the name of a predictor variable. The names must match the entries in PredictorNames.
'all'	All predictors are categorical.

By default, if the predictor data is in a table (Tbl), fitcnb assumes that a variable is categorical if it is a logical vector, categorical vector, character array, string array, or cell array of character vectors. If the predictor data is a matrix (X), fitcnb assumes that all predictors are continuous. To identify any other predictors as categorical predictors, specify them by using the 'CategoricalPredictors' name-value pair argument.

For the identified categorical predictors, fitcnb uses multivariate multinomial distributions. For details, see DistributionNames and Algorithms.

Example: 'CategoricalPredictors','all'

Data Types: single | double | logical | char | string | cell

'ClassNames' — Names of classes to use for training

categorical array | character array | string array | logical vector | numeric vector | cell array of character vectors

Names of classes to use for training, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'ClassNames' and a categorical, character, or string array, a logical or numeric vector, or a cell array of character vectors. ClassNames must have the same data type as Y.

If ClassNames is a character array, then each element must correspond to one row of the array.

Use ClassNames to:

• Order the classes during training.

• Specify the order of any input or output argument dimension that corresponds to the class order. For example, use ClassNames to specify the order of the dimensions of Cost or the column order of classification scores returned by predict.

• Select a subset of classes for training. For example, suppose that the set of all distinct class names in Y is {'a','b','c'}. To train the model using observations from classes 'a' and 'c' only, specify 'ClassNames',{'a','c'}.

The default value for ClassNames is the set of all distinct class names in Y.

Example: 'ClassNames',{'b','g'}

Data Types: categorical | char | string | logical | single | double | cell

'Cost' — Cost of misclassification

square matrix | structure

Cost of misclassification of a point, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Cost' and one of the following:

• Square matrix, where Cost(i,j) is the cost of classifying a point into class j if its true class is i (i.e., the rows correspond to the true class and the columns correspond to the predicted class). To specify the class order for the corresponding rows and columns of Cost, additionally specify the ClassNames name-value pair argument.

• Structure S having two fields: S.ClassNames containing the group names as a variable of the same type as Y, and S.ClassificationCosts containing the cost matrix.

The default is Cost(i,j)=1 if i~=j, and Cost(i,j)=0 if i=j.

Example: 'Cost',struct('ClassNames',{{'b','g'}},'ClassificationCosts',[0 0.5; 1 0])

Data Types: single | double | struct

'PredictorNames' — Predictor variable names

string array of unique names | cell array of unique character vectors

Predictor variable names, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'PredictorNames' and a string array of unique names or cell array of unique character vectors. The functionality of 'PredictorNames' depends on the way you supply the training data.

• If you supply X and Y, then you can use 'PredictorNames' to give the predictor variables in X names.

  • The order of the names in PredictorNames must correspond to the column order of X. That is, PredictorNames{1} is the name of X(:,1), PredictorNames{2} is the name of X(:,2), and so on. Also, size(X,2) and numel(PredictorNames) must be equal.

  • By default, PredictorNames is {'x1','x2',...}.

• If you supply Tbl, then you can use 'PredictorNames' to choose which predictor variables to use in training. That is, fitcnb uses only the predictor variables in PredictorNames and the response variable in training.

  • PredictorNames must be a subset of Tbl.Properties.VariableNames and cannot include the name of the response variable.

  • By default, PredictorNames contains the names of all predictor variables.

  • It is a good practice to specify the predictors for training using either 'PredictorNames' or formula only.

Example: 'PredictorNames',{'SepalLength','SepalWidth','PetalLength','PetalWidth'}

Data Types: string | cell

'Prior' — Prior probabilities

'empirical' (default) | 'uniform' | vector of scalar values | structure

Prior probabilities for each class, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Prior' and a value in this table.

Value	Description
'empirical'	The class prior probabilities are the class relative frequencies in Y.
'uniform'	All class prior probabilities are equal to 1/K, where K is the number of classes.
numeric vector	Each element is a class prior probability. Order the elements according to Mdl.ClassNames or specify the order using the ClassNames name-value pair argument. The software normalizes the elements such that they sum to 1.
structure	A structure S with two fields: S.ClassNames contains the class names as a variable of the same type as Y. S.ClassProbs contains a vector of corresponding prior probabilities. The software normalizes the elements such that they sum to 1.

If you set values for both Weights and Prior, the weights are renormalized to add up to the value of the prior probability in the respective class.

Example: 'Prior','uniform'

Data Types: char | string | single | double | struct

'ResponseName' — Response variable name

'Y' (default) | character vector | string scalar

Response variable name, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'ResponseName' and a character vector or string scalar.

• If you supply Y, then you can use 'ResponseName' to specify a name for the response variable.

• If you supply ResponseVarName or formula, then you cannot use 'ResponseName'.

Example: 'ResponseName','response'

Data Types: char | string

'ScoreTransform' — Score transformation

'none' (default) | 'doublelogit' | 'invlogit' | 'ismax' | 'logit' | function handle | ...

Score transformation, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'ScoreTransform' and a character vector, string scalar, or function handle.

This table summarizes the available character vectors and string scalars.

Value	Description
'doublelogit'	1/(1 + e–2x)
'invlogit'	log(x / (1 – x))
'ismax'	Sets the score for the class with the largest score to 1, and sets the scores for all other classes to 0
'logit'	1/(1 + e–x)
'none' or 'identity'	x (no transformation)
'sign'	–1 for x < 0 0 for x = 0 1 for x > 0
'symmetric'	2x – 1
'symmetricismax'	Sets the score for the class with the largest score to 1, and sets the scores for all other classes to –1
'symmetriclogit'	2/(1 + e–x) – 1

For a MATLAB function or a function you define, use its function handle for score transform. The function handle must accept a matrix (the original scores) and return a matrix of the same size (the transformed scores).

Example: 'ScoreTransform','logit'

Data Types: char | string | function_handle

'Weights' — Observation weights

numeric vector of positive values | name of variable in Tbl

Observation weights, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Weights' and a numeric vector of positive values or name of a variable in Tbl. The software weighs the observations in each row of X or Tbl with the corresponding value in Weights. The size of Weights must equal the number of rows of X or Tbl.

If you specify the input data as a table Tbl, then Weights can be the name of a variable in Tbl that contains a numeric vector. In this case, you must specify Weights as a character vector or string scalar. For example, if the weights vector W is stored as Tbl.W, then specify it as 'W'. Otherwise, the software treats all columns of Tbl, including W, as predictors or the response when training the model.

The software normalizes Weights to sum up to the value of the prior probability in the respective class.

By default, Weights is ones(n,1), where n is the number of observations in X or Tbl.

Data Types: double | single | char | string

Hyperparameter Optimization

'OptimizeHyperparameters' — Parameters to optimize

'none' (default) | 'auto' | 'all' | string array or cell array of eligible parameter names | vector of optimizableVariable objects

Parameters to optimize, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'OptimizeHyperparameters' and one of the following:

• 'none' — Do not optimize.

• 'auto' — Use {'DistributionNames','Width'}.

• 'all' — Optimize all eligible parameters.

• String array or cell array of eligible parameter names.

• Vector of optimizableVariable objects, typically the output of hyperparameters.

The optimization attempts to minimize the cross-validation loss (error) for fitcnb by varying the parameters. For information about cross-validation loss (albeit in a different context), see Classification Loss. To control the cross-validation type and other aspects of the optimization, use the HyperparameterOptimizationOptions name-value pair.

Note

'OptimizeHyperparameters' values override any values you set using other name-value pair arguments. For example, setting 'OptimizeHyperparameters' to 'auto' causes the 'auto' values to apply.

The eligible parameters for fitcnb are:

• DistributionNames — fitcnb searches among 'normal' and 'kernel'.

• Width — fitcnb searches among real values, by default log-scaled in the range [MinPredictorDiff/4,max(MaxPredictorRange,MinPredictorDiff)].

• Kernel — fitcnb searches among 'normal', 'box', 'epanechnikov', and 'triangle'.

Set nondefault parameters by passing a vector of optimizableVariable objects that have nondefault values. For example,

load fisheriris
params = hyperparameters('fitcnb',meas,species);
params(2).Range = [1e-2,1e2];

Pass params as the value of OptimizeHyperparameters.

By default, iterative display appears at the command line, and plots appear according to the number of hyperparameters in the optimization. For the optimization and plots, the objective function is log(1 + cross-validation loss) for regression and the misclassification rate for classification. To control the iterative display, set the Verbose field of the 'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions' name-value pair argument. To control the plots, set the ShowPlots field of the 'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions' name-value pair argument.

For an example, see Optimize Naive Bayes Classifier.

Example: 'auto'

'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions' — Options for optimization

structure

Options for optimization, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions' and a structure. This argument modifies the effect of the OptimizeHyperparameters name-value pair argument. All fields in the structure are optional.

Field Name	Values	Default
Optimizer	'bayesopt' — Use Bayesian optimization. Internally, this setting calls bayesopt. 'gridsearch' — Use grid search with NumGridDivisions values per dimension. 'randomsearch' — Search at random among MaxObjectiveEvaluations points. 'gridsearch' searches in a random order, using uniform sampling without replacement from the grid. After optimization, you can get a table in grid order by using the command sortrows(Mdl.HyperparameterOptimizationResults).	'bayesopt'
AcquisitionFunctionName	'expected-improvement-per-second-plus' 'expected-improvement' 'expected-improvement-plus' 'expected-improvement-per-second' 'lower-confidence-bound' 'probability-of-improvement' Acquisition functions whose names include per-second do not yield reproducible results because the optimization depends on the runtime of the objective function. Acquisition functions whose names include plus modify their behavior when they are overexploiting an area. For more details, see Acquisition Function Types.	'expected-improvement-per-second-plus'
MaxObjectiveEvaluations	Maximum number of objective function evaluations.	30 for 'bayesopt' or 'randomsearch', and the entire grid for 'gridsearch'
MaxTime	Time limit, specified as a positive real. The time limit is in seconds, as measured by tic and toc. Run time can exceed MaxTime because MaxTime does not interrupt function evaluations.	Inf
NumGridDivisions	For 'gridsearch', the number of values in each dimension. The value can be a vector of positive integers giving the number of values for each dimension, or a scalar that applies to all dimensions. This field is ignored for categorical variables.	10
ShowPlots	Logical value indicating whether to show plots. If true, this field plots the best objective function value against the iteration number. If there are one or two optimization parameters, and if Optimizer is 'bayesopt', then ShowPlots also plots a model of the objective function against the parameters.	true
SaveIntermediateResults	Logical value indicating whether to save results when Optimizer is 'bayesopt'. If true, this field overwrites a workspace variable named 'BayesoptResults' at each iteration. The variable is a BayesianOptimization object.	false
Verbose	Display to the command line. 0 — No iterative display 1 — Iterative display 2 — Iterative display with extra information For details, see the bayesopt Verbose name-value pair argument.	1
UseParallel	Logical value indicating whether to run Bayesian optimization in parallel, which requires Parallel Computing Toolbox™. Due to the nonreproducibility of parallel timing, parallel Bayesian optimization does not necessarily yield reproducible results. For details, see Parallel Bayesian Optimization.	false
Repartition	Logical value indicating whether to repartition the cross-validation at every iteration. If false, the optimizer uses a single partition for the optimization. true usually gives the most robust results because this setting takes partitioning noise into account. However, for good results, true requires at least twice as many function evaluations.	false
Use no more than one of the following three field names.
CVPartition	A cvpartition object, as created by cvpartition.	'Kfold',5 if you do not specify any cross-validation field
Holdout	A scalar in the range (0,1) representing the holdout fraction.
Kfold	An integer greater than 1.

Example: 'HyperparameterOptimizationOptions',struct('MaxObjectiveEvaluations',60)

Data Types: struct

Output Arguments

Mdl — Trained naive Bayes classification model

ClassificationNaiveBayes model object | ClassificationPartitionedModel cross-validated model object

Trained naive Bayes classification model, returned as a ClassificationNaiveBayes model object or a ClassificationPartitionedModel cross-validated model object.

If you set any of the name-value pair arguments KFold, Holdout, CrossVal, or CVPartition, then Mdl is a ClassificationPartitionedModel cross-validated model object. Otherwise, Mdl is a ClassificationNaiveBayes model object.

To reference properties of Mdl, use dot notation. For example, to access the estimated distribution parameters, enter Mdl.DistributionParameters.

More About

Bag-of-Tokens Model

In the bag-of-tokens model, the value of predictor j is the nonnegative number of occurrences of token j in this observation. The number of categories (bins) in this multinomial model is the number of distinct tokens, that is, the number of predictors.

Naive Bayes

Naive Bayes is a classification algorithm that applies density estimation to the data.

The algorithm leverages Bayes theorem, and (naively) assumes that the predictors are conditionally independent, given the class. Though the assumption is usually violated in practice, naive Bayes classifiers tend to yield posterior distributions that are robust to biased class density estimates, particularly where the posterior is 0.5 (the decision boundary) [1].

Naive Bayes classifiers assign observations to the most probable class (in other words, the maximum a posteriori decision rule). Explicitly, the algorithm:

1. Estimates the densities of the predictors within each class.

2. Models posterior probabilities according to Bayes rule. That is, for all k = 1,...,K,

   $$\widehat{P}\left(Y=k|X_1,\mathrm{..},X_P\right)=\frac{\pi \left(Y=k\right){\displaystyle \prod _{j=1}^{P}P}\left(X_j|Y=k\right)}{{\displaystyle \sum }_{k=1}^K\pi \left(Y=k\right){\displaystyle \prod _{j=1}^{P}P}\left(X_j|Y=k\right)},$$

   where:

   • Y is the random variable corresponding to the class index of an observation.

   • X₁,...,X_P are the random predictors of an observation.

   • $$\pi \left(Y=k\right)$$ is the prior probability that a class index is k.

3. Classifies an observation by estimating the posterior probability for each class, and then assigns the observation to the class yielding the maximum posterior probability.

If the predictors compose a multinomial distribution, then the posterior probability$$\widehat{P}\left(Y=k|X_1,\mathrm{..},X_P\right)\propto \pi \left(Y=k\right)P_{mn}\left(X_1,\mathrm{...},X_P|Y=k\right),$$ where $$P_{mn}\left(X_1,\mathrm{...},X_P|Y=k\right)$$ is the probability mass function of a multinomial distribution.

Tips

• For classifying count-based data, such as the bag-of-tokens model, use the multinomial distribution (e.g., set 'DistributionNames','mn').

• After training a model, you can generate C/C++ code that predicts labels for new data. Generating C/C++ code requires MATLAB Coder™. For details, see Introduction to Code Generation.

Algorithms

• If you specify 'DistributionNames','mn' when training Mdl using fitcnb, then the software fits a multinomial distribution using the bag-of-tokens model. The software stores the probability that token j appears in class k in the property DistributionParameters{k,j}. Using additive smoothing [2], the estimated probability is

  $$P(\text{token }j|\text{class }k)=\frac{1+c_{j|k}}{P+c_k},$$

  where:

  • $$c_{j|k}=n_k\frac{{\displaystyle \sum _{i:y_i\in \text{class }k}^{}{x}_{ij}}{w}_i^{}}{{\displaystyle \sum _{i:y_i\in \text{class }k}^{}{w}_i}};$$ which is the weighted number of occurrences of token j in class k.

  • n_k is the number of observations in class k.

  • $$w_i^{}$$ is the weight for observation i. The software normalizes weights within a class such that they sum to the prior probability for that class.

  • $$c_k={\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^P{c}_{j|k}};$$ which is the total weighted number of occurrences of all tokens in class k.

• If you specify 'DistributionNames','mvmn' when training Mdl using fitcnb, then:

  1. For each predictor, the software collects a list of the unique levels, stores the sorted list in CategoricalLevels, and considers each level a bin. Each predictor/class combination is a separate, independent multinomial random variable.

  2. For predictor j in class k, the software counts instances of each categorical level using the list stored in CategoricalLevels{j}.

  3. The software stores the probability that predictor j, in class k, has level L in the property DistributionParameters{k,j}, for all levels in CategoricalLevels{j}. Using additive smoothing [2], the estimated probability is

     $$P\left(\text{predictor }j=L|\text{class }k\right)=\frac{1+m_{j|k}(L)}{m_j+m_k},$$

     where:

     • $$m_{j|k}(L)=n_k\frac{{\displaystyle \sum _{i:y_i\in \text{ class }k}^{}I\{x_{ij}=L\}{w}_i^{}}}{{\displaystyle \sum _{i:y_i\in \text{ class }k}^{}{w}_i^{}}};$$ which is the weighted number of observations for which predictor j equals L in class k.

     • n_k is the number of observations in class k.

     • $$I\left\{x_{ij}=L\right\}=1$$ if x_ij = L, 0 otherwise.

     • $$w_i^{}$$ is the weight for observation i. The software normalizes weights within a class such that they sum to the prior probability for that class.

     • m_j is the number of distinct levels in predictor j.

     • m_k is the weighted number of observations in class k.

References

[1] Hastie, T., R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman. The Elements of Statistical Learning, Second Edition. NY: Springer, 2008.

[2] Manning, C. D., P. Raghavan, and M. Schütze. Introduction to Information Retrieval, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Extended Capabilities

Tall Arrays

Calculate with arrays that have more rows than fit in memory.

This function supports tall arrays with the limitations:

• Supported syntaxes are:

  • Mdl = fitcnb(Tbl,Y)

  • Mdl = fitcnb(X,Y)

  • Mdl = fitcnb(___,Name,Value)

• Options related to kernel densities, cross-validation, and hyperparameter optimization are not supported. The supported name-value pair arguments are:

  • 'DistributionNames' — 'kernel' value is not supported.

  • 'CategoricalPredictors'

  • 'Cost'

  • 'PredictorNames'

  • 'Prior'

  • 'ResponseName'

  • 'ScoreTransform'

  • 'Weights' — Value must be a tall array.

For more information, see Tall Arrays for Out-of-Memory Data (MATLAB).

Automatic Parallel Support

Accelerate code by automatically running computation in parallel using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.

To run in parallel, set the 'UseParallel' option to true.

To perform parallel hyperparameter optimization, use the 'HyperparameterOptions', struct('UseParallel',true) name-value pair argument in the call to this function.

For more information on parallel hyperparameter optimization, see Parallel Bayesian Optimization.

For more general information about parallel computing, see Run MATLAB Functions with Automatic Parallel Support (Parallel Computing Toolbox).