incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
Description
The incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
function creates an
incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object, which represents a naive Bayes multiclass
classification model for incremental learning.
Unlike other Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ model objects, incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
can be called directly. Also,
you can specify learning options, such as performance metrics configurations and prior class
probabilities, before fitting the model to data. After you create an
incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
object, it is prepared for incremental learning.
incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
is best suited for incremental learning. For a traditional
approach to training a naive Bayes model for multiclass classification (such as creating a
model by fitting it to data, performing cross-validation, tuning hyperparameters, and so on),
see fitcnb
.
Creation
You can create an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object in several ways:
Call the function directly — Configure incremental learning options, or specify learner-specific options, by calling
incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
directly. This approach is best when you do not have data yet or you want to start incremental learning immediately. You must specify the maximum number of classes or all class names expected in the response data during incremental learning.Convert a traditionally trained model — To initialize a naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning using the model parameters of a trained model object (
ClassificationNaiveBayes
), you can convert the traditionally trained model to anincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object by passing it to theincrementalLearner
function.Call an incremental learning function —
fit
,updateMetrics
, andupdateMetricsAndFit
accept a configuredincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object and data as input, and return anincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object updated with information learned from the input model and data.
Syntax
Description
returns a default incremental learning model object for naive Bayes classification,
Mdl
= incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('MaxNumClasses',MaxNumClasses
)Mdl
, where MaxNumClasses
is the maximum number
of classes expected in the response data during incremental learning. Properties of a
default model contain placeholders for unknown model parameters. You must train a default
model before you can track its performance or generate predictions from it.
specifies all class names Mdl
= incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('ClassNames',ClassNames
)ClassNames
expected in the response data during incremental learning, and sets the ClassNames
property.
uses either of the previous syntaxes to set properties and additional
options using name-value arguments. Enclose each name in quotes. For example,
Mdl
= incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes(___,Name,Value
)incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('DistributionNames','mn','MaxNumClasses',5,'MetricsWarmupPeriod',100)
specifies that the joint conditional distribution of the predictor variables is
multinomial, sets the maximum number of classes expected in the response data to
5
, and sets the metrics warm-up period to
100
.
Input Arguments
MaxNumClasses
— Maximum number of classes
positive integer
Maximum number of classes expected in the response data during incremental learning, specified as a positive integer.
MaxNumClasses
sets the number of class names in the ClassNames
property.
If you do not specify MaxNumClasses
, you must specify the
ClassNames
argument.
Example: 'MaxNumClasses',5
Data Types: single
| double
ClassNames
— All unique class labels
categorical array | character array | string array | logical vector | numeric vector | cell array of character vectors
All unique class labels expected in the response data during incremental learning,
specified as a categorical, character, or string array; logical or numeric vector; or
cell array of character vectors. ClassNames
and the response data
must have the same data type. This argument sets the ClassNames
property.
ClassNames
specifies the order of any input or output argument
dimension that corresponds to the class order. For example, set
'ClassNames'
to specify the order of the dimensions of
Cost
or the column order of classification scores returned by
predict
If you do not specify ClassNames
, you must specify the
MaxNumClasses
argument. In that case, the software infers the
ClassNames
property from the data during incremental
learning.
Example: 'ClassNames',["virginica" "setosa"
"versicolor"]
Data Types: single
| double
| logical
| string
| char
| cell
| categorical
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: 'NumPredictors',4,'Prior',[0.3 0.3 0.4]
specifies
4
variables in the predictor data and the prior class probability
distribution of [0.3 0.3 0.4]
.
Cost
— Cost of misclassifying observation
square matrix | structure array
Cost of misclassifying an observation, specified as a value in this table, where
c is the number of classes in the
ClassNames
property:
Value | Description |
---|---|
c-by-c numeric matrix |
|
Structure array | A structure array having two fields:
|
If you specify Cost
, you must also specify the
ClassNames
argument. Cost
sets the
Cost
property.
The default is one of the following alternatives:
An empty array
[]
when you specifyMaxNumClasses
A c-by-c matrix when you specify
ClassNames
, whereCost(
for alli
,j
) = 1
≠i
, andj
Cost(
for alli
,j
) = 0
=i
j
Example: 'Cost',struct('ClassNames',{'b','g'},'ClassificationCosts',[0
2; 1 0])
Data Types: single
| double
| struct
Metrics
— Model performance metrics to track during incremental learning
"mincost"
(default) | "classiferror"
| string vector | function handle | cell vector | structure array | "binodeviance"
| "exponential"
| "hinge"
| "logit"
| "quadratic"
Model performance metrics to track during incremental learning, in addition to
minimal expected misclassification cost, specified as a built-in loss function name,
string vector of names, function handle (for example,
@metricName
), structure array of function handles, or cell vector
of names, function handles, or structure arrays.
When Mdl
is warm (see IsWarm), updateMetrics
and updateMetricsAndFit
track performance metrics in the Metrics property of Mdl
.
The following table lists the built-in loss function names. You can specify more than one by using a string vector.
Name | Description |
---|---|
"binodeviance" | Binomial deviance |
"classiferror" | Misclassification error rate |
"exponential" | Exponential |
"hinge" | Hinge |
"logit" | Logistic |
"mincost" | Minimal expected misclassification cost (for classification scores that are posterior probabilities). |
"quadratic" | Quadratic |
For more details on the built-in loss functions, see loss
.
Example: 'Metrics',["classiferror" "logit"]
To specify a custom function that returns a performance metric, use function handle notation. The function must have this form.
metric = customMetric(C,S,Cost)
The output argument
metric
is an n-by-1 numeric vector, where each element is the loss of the corresponding observation in the data processed by the incremental learning functions during a learning cycle.You specify the function name (here,
customMetric
).C
is an n-by-K logical matrix with rows indicating the class to which the corresponding observation belongs, where K is the number of classes. The column order corresponds to the class order in theClassNames
property. CreateC
by settingC(
=p
,q
)1
, if observation
is in classp
, for each observation in the specified data. Set the other element in rowq
top
0
.S
is an n-by-K numeric matrix of predicted classification scores.S
is similar to thePosterior
output ofpredict
, where rows correspond to observations in the data and the column order corresponds to the class order in theClassNames
property.S(
is the classification score of observationp
,q
)
being classified in classp
.q
Cost
is a K-by-K numeric matrix of misclassification costs. See the'Cost'
name-value argument.
To specify multiple custom metrics and assign a custom name to each, use a structure array. To specify a combination of built-in and custom metrics, use a cell vector.
Example: 'Metrics',struct('Metric1',@customMetric1,'Metric2',@customMetric2)
Example: 'Metrics',{@customMetric1 @customMetric2 'logit'
struct('Metric3',@customMetric3)}
updateMetrics
and updateMetricsAndFit
store specified metrics in a table in the Metrics
property. The data type of Metrics
determines the row names of the table.
'Metrics' Value Data Type | Description of Metrics Property Row Name | Example |
---|---|---|
String or character vector | Name of corresponding built-in metric | Row name for "classiferror" is "ClassificationError" |
Structure array | Field name | Row name for struct('Metric1',@customMetric1) is "Metric1" |
Function handle to function stored in a program file | Name of function | Row name for @customMetric is "customMetric" |
Anonymous function | CustomMetric_ , where is metric in Metrics | Row name for @(C,S,Cost)customMetric(C,S,Cost)... is CustomMetric_1 |
For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.
Data Types: char
| string
| struct
| cell
| function_handle
Properties
You can set most properties by using name-value pair argument syntax only when you call incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
directly. You can set some properties when you call incrementalLearner
to convert a traditionally trained model. You cannot set the properties DistributionParameters
, IsWarm
, and NumTrainingObservations
.
Classification Model Parameters
CategoricalPredictors
— Categorical predictors list
vector of positive integers | logical vector | "all"
This property is read-only.
Categorical predictors list, specified as one of the values in this table.
Value | Description |
---|---|
Vector of positive integers | Each entry in the vector is an index value corresponding to the
column of the predictor data that contains a categorical variable. The index
values are between 1 and |
Logical vector | A true entry means that the corresponding column of
predictor data is a categorical variable. The length of the vector is
NumPredictors . |
"all" | All predictors are categorical. |
For the identified categorical predictors, incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
uses
multivariate multinomial distributions. For more details, see
DistributionNames
.
By default, if you specify the DistributionNames
option, all
predictor variables corresponding to 'mvmn'
are categorical.
Otherwise, none of the predictor variables are categorical.
Example: 'CategoricalPredictors',[1 2 4]
and
'CategoricalPredictors',[true true false true]
specify that the
first, second, and fourth of four predictor variables are categorical.
Data Types: single
| double
| logical
CategoricalLevels
— Levels of multivariate multinomial predictor variables
cell vector
Levels of multivariate multinomial predictor variables, specified as a cell
vector. The length of CategoricalLevels
is equal to
NumPredictors
.
Incremental fitting functions fit
and updateMetricsAndFit
populate cells with the learned numeric categorical levels of each categorical
predictor variable, while cells corresponding to other predictor variables contain an
empty array []
. Specifically, if predictor j is
multivariate multinomial,
CategoricalLevels{
j}
is a
list of all distinct values of predictor j experienced during
incremental fitting. For more details, see the DistributionNames
property.
Note
Unlike fitcnb
, incremental fitting functions order
the levels of a predictor as the functions experience them during training. For example,
suppose predictor j is categorical with multivariate multinomial
distribution. The order of the levels in CategoricalLevels{j}
and,
consequently, the order of the level probabilities in each cell of
DistributionParameters{:,j}
returned by incremental fitting functions
can differ from the order returned by fitcnb
for the same training data
set.
Cost
— Cost of misclassifying observation
square numeric matrix | empty array []
This property is read-only.
Cost of misclassifying an observation, specified as an array.
If you specify the 'Cost'
name-value argument, its value sets
Cost
. If you specify a structure array,
Cost
is the value of the ClassificationCosts
field.
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create Mdl
,
Cost
is the Cost
property of the
traditionally trained model.
Data Types: single
| double
ClassNames
— All unique class labels
categorical array | character array | string array | logical vector | numeric vector | cell array of character vectors
This property is read-only.
All unique class labels expected in the response data during incremental learning, specified as a categorical or character array, a logical or numeric vector, or a cell array of character vectors.
You can set ClassNames
in one of three ways:
If you specify the
MaxNumClasses
argument, the software infers theClassNames
property during incremental learning.If you specify the
ClassNames
argument,incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
stores your specification in theClassNames
property. (The software treats string arrays as cell arrays of character vectors.)If you convert a traditionally trained model to create
Mdl
, theClassNames
property is specified by the corresponding property of the traditionally trained model.
Data Types: single
| double
| logical
| char
| string
| cell
| categorical
NumPredictors
— Number of predictor variables
nonnegative numeric scalar
This property is read-only.
Number of predictor variables, specified as a nonnegative numeric scalar.
The default NumPredictors
value depends on how you create the model:
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create
Mdl
,NumPredictors
is specified by the corresponding property of the traditionally trained model.If you create
Mdl
by callingincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
directly, you can specifyNumPredictors
by using name-value argument syntax. If you do not specify the value, then the default value is0
, and incremental fitting functions inferNumPredictors
from the predictor data during training.
Data Types: double
NumTrainingObservations
— Number of observations fit to incremental model
0
(default) | nonnegative numeric scalar
This property is read-only.
Number of observations fit to the incremental model Mdl
, specified as a nonnegative numeric scalar. NumTrainingObservations
increases when you pass Mdl
and training data to fit
or updateMetricsAndFit
.
Note
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create Mdl
, incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
does not add the number of observations fit to the traditionally trained model to NumTrainingObservations
.
Data Types: double
Prior
— Prior class probabilities
numeric vector | 'empirical'
| 'uniform'
This property is read-only.
Prior class probabilities, specified as 'empirical'
,
'uniform'
, or a numeric vector. incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
stores the Prior
value as a numeric vector.
Value | Description |
---|---|
'empirical' | Incremental learning functions infer prior class probabilities from the observed class relative frequencies in the response data during incremental training. |
'uniform' | For each class, the prior probability is 1/K, where K is the number of classes. |
numeric vector | Custom, normalized prior probabilities. The order of the elements of
Prior corresponds to the elements of the
ClassNames property. |
The default Prior
value depends on how you create the model:
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create
Mdl
,Prior
is specified by the corresponding property of the traditionally trained model.Otherwise, the default value of
Prior
is'empirical'
.
Data Types: single
| double
| char
| string
ScoreTransform
— Score transformation function
'none'
(default) | string scalar | character vector | function handle
This property is read-only.
Score transformation function describing how incremental learning functions
transform raw response values, specified as a character vector, string scalar, or
function handle. incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
stores the specified value as a
character vector or function handle.
This table describes the available built-in functions for score transformation.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"doublelogit" | 1/(1 + e–2x) |
"invlogit" | log(x / (1 – x)) |
"ismax" | Sets the score for the class with the largest score to 1, and sets the scores for all other classes to 0 |
"logit" | 1/(1 + e–x) |
"none" or "identity" | x (no transformation) |
"sign" | –1 for x < 0 0 for x = 0 1 for x > 0 |
"symmetric" | 2x – 1 |
"symmetricismax" | Sets the score for the class with the largest score to 1, and sets the scores for all other classes to –1 |
"symmetriclogit" | 2/(1 + e–x) – 1 |
For a MATLAB® function or a function that you define, enter its function handle; for
example, @function
, where:
function
accepts an n-by-K matrix (the original scores) and returns a matrix of the same size (the transformed scores).n is the number of observations, and row j of the matrix contains the class scores of observation j.
K is the number of classes, and column k is class
ClassNames(
.k
)
The default ScoreTransform
value depends on how you create the model:
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create
Mdl
,ScoreTransform
is specified by the corresponding property of the traditionally trained model.The default
'none'
specifies returning posterior class probabilities.
Data Types: char
| function_handle
| string
Training Parameters
DistributionNames
— Predictor distributions
"mn"
| "mvmn"
| "normal"
| string vector | cell vector of character vectors
Predictor distributions
P(x|ck), where
ck is class
ClassNames(
, specified as a
character vector or string scalar, or a 1-by-k
)NumPredictors
string
vector or cell vector of character vectors with values from the table.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"mn" | Multinomial distribution. If you specify "mn" , then
all features are components of a multinomial distribution (for example, a
bag-of-tokens
model). Therefore, you cannot include "mn" as an element
of a string array or a cell array of character vectors. For details, see
Estimated Probability for Multinomial Distribution. |
"mvmn" | Multivariate multinomial distribution. For details, see Estimated Probability for Multivariate Multinomial Distribution. |
"normal" | Normal distribution. For details, see Normal Distribution Estimators |
If you specify a character vector or string scalar, then the software models all
the features using that distribution. If you specify a
1-by-NumPredictors
string vector or cell vector of character
vectors, the software models feature j using the
distribution in element j of the vector.
By default, the software sets all predictors specified as categorical predictors
(see the CategoricalPredictors
property) to
'mvmn'
. Otherwise, the default distribution is
'normal'
.
incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
stores the value as a character vector or cell vector
of character vectors.
Example: 'DistributionNames',"mn"
specifies that the joint
conditional distribution of all predictor variables is multinomial.
Example: 'DistributionNames',["normal" "mvmn" "normal"]
specifies that the first and third predictor variables are normally distributed and
the second variable is categorical with a multivariate multinomial
distribution.
Data Types: char
| string
| cell
DistributionParameters
— Distribution parameter estimates
cell array
This property is read-only.
Distribution parameter estimates, specified as a cell array.
DistributionParameters
is a
K-by-NumPredictors
cell array, where
K is the number of classes and cell
(k
,j
) contains the
distribution parameter estimates for instances of predictor
j
in class k
. The order of the
rows corresponds to the order of the classes in the property
ClassNames
, and the order of the columns corresponds to the
order of the predictors in the predictor data.
If class k
has no observations for predictor
j
, then
DistributionParameters{
is empty (k
,j
}[]
).
The elements of DistributionParameters
depend on the
distributions of the predictors. This table describes the values in
DistributionParameters{
.k
,j
}
Distribution of Predictor j | Value of Cell Array for Predictor j and
Class k |
---|---|
'mn' | A scalar representing the probability that token j appears in class k. For details, see Estimated Probability for Multinomial Distribution. |
'mvmn' | A numeric vector containing the probabilities for each possible level
of predictor j in class k. The
software orders the probabilities by the sorted order of all unique levels
of predictor j (stored in the property
CategoricalLevels ). For more details, see Estimated Probability for Multivariate Multinomial Distribution. |
'normal' | A 2-by-1 numeric vector. The first element is the weighted sample mean and the second element is the weighted sample standard deviation. For more details, see Normal Distribution Estimators. |
Note
Unlike fitcnb
, incremental fitting functions order
the levels of a predictor as the functions experience them during training. For example,
suppose predictor j is categorical with multivariate multinomial
distribution. The order of the levels in CategoricalLevels{j}
and,
consequently, the order of the level probabilities in each cell of
DistributionParameters{:,j}
returned by incremental fitting functions
can differ from the order returned by fitcnb
for the same training data
set.
Data Types: cell
Performance Metrics Parameters
IsWarm
— Flag indicating whether model tracks performance metrics
false
or 0
| true
or 1
Flag indicating whether the incremental model tracks performance metrics, specified as logical
0
(false
) or 1
(true
).
The incremental model Mdl
is warm
(IsWarm
becomes true
) when incremental fitting
functions perform both of these actions:
Fit the incremental model to
MetricsWarmupPeriod
observations.Process
MaxNumClasses
classes or all class names specified by theClassNames
name-value argument.
Value | Description |
---|---|
true or 1 | The incremental model Mdl is warm. Consequently, updateMetrics and updateMetricsAndFit track performance metrics in the Metrics property of Mdl . |
false or 0 | updateMetrics and updateMetricsAndFit do not track performance metrics. |
Data Types: logical
Metrics
— Model performance metrics
table
This property is read-only.
Model performance metrics updated during incremental learning by
updateMetrics
and updateMetricsAndFit
,
specified as a table with two columns and m rows, where
m is the number of metrics specified by the Metrics
name-value
argument.
The columns of Metrics
are labeled Cumulative
and Window
.
Cumulative
: Elementj
is the model performance, as measured by metricj
, from the time the model became warm (IsWarm
is1
).Window
: Elementj
is the model performance, as measured by metricj
, evaluated over all observations within the window specified by theMetricsWindowSize
property. The software updatesWindow
after it processesMetricsWindowSize
observations.
Rows are labeled by the specified metrics. For details, see the
Metrics
name-value argument of
incrementalLearner
or incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
.
Data Types: table
MetricsWarmupPeriod
— Number of observations fit before tracking performance metrics
nonnegative integer
This property is read-only.
Number of observations the incremental model must be fit to before it tracks performance metrics in its Metrics
property, specified as a nonnegative integer.
The default MetricsWarmupPeriod
value depends on how you create
the model:
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create
Mdl
, theMetricsWarmupPeriod
name-value argument of theincrementalLearner
function sets this property. The default value of the argument is0
.Otherwise, the default value is
1000
.
For more details, see Performance Metrics.
Data Types: single
| double
MetricsWindowSize
— Number of observations to use to compute window performance metrics
positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of observations to use to compute window performance metrics, specified as a positive integer.
The default MetricsWindowSize
value depends on how you create the model:
If you convert a traditionally trained model to create
Mdl
, theMetricsWindowSize
name-value argument of theincrementalLearner
function sets this property. The default value of the argument is200
.Otherwise, the default value is
200
.
For more details on performance metrics options, see Performance Metrics.
Data Types: single
| double
Object Functions
fit | Train naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning |
updateMetricsAndFit | Update performance metrics in naive Bayes incremental learning classification model given new data and train model |
updateMetrics | Update performance metrics in naive Bayes incremental learning classification model given new data |
logp | Log unconditional probability density of naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning |
loss | Loss of naive Bayes incremental learning classification model on batch of data |
predict | Predict responses for new observations from naive Bayes incremental learning classification model |
perObservationLoss | Per observation classification error of model for incremental learning |
reset | Reset incremental classification model |
Examples
Create Incremental Learner with Little Prior Information
To create a naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning, you must specify the maximum number of classes that you expect the model to process ('MaxNumClasses'
name-value argument). As you fit the model to incoming batches of data by using an incremental fitting function, the model collects new classes in its ClassNames
property. If the specified maximum number of classes is inaccurate, one of the following occurs:
Before an incremental fitting function processes the expected maximum number of classes, the model is cold. Consequently, the
updateMetrics
andupdateMetricsAndFit
functions do not measure performance metrics.If the number of classes exceeds the maximum expected, the incremental fitting function issues an error.
This example shows how to create a naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning when the only information you specify is the expected maximum number of classes in the data. Also, the example illustrates the consequences when incremental fitting functions process all expected classes early and late in the sample.
For this example, consider training a device to predict whether a subject is sitting, standing, walking, running, or dancing based on biometric data measured on the subject. Therefore, the device has a maximum of 5 classes from which to choose.
Process Expected Maximum Number of Classes Early in Sample
Create an incremental naive Bayes model for multiclass learning. Specify a maximum of 5 classes in the data.
MdlEarly = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('MaxNumClasses',5)
MdlEarly = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes IsWarm: 0 Metrics: [1x2 table] ClassNames: [1x0 double] ScoreTransform: 'none' DistributionNames: 'normal' DistributionParameters: {}
MdlEarly
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object. All its properties are read-only.
MdlEarly
must be fit to data before you can use it to perform any other operations.
Load the human activity data set. Randomly shuffle the data.
load humanactivity n = numel(actid); rng(1); % For reproducibility idx = randsample(n,n); X = feat(idx,:); Y = actid(idx);
For details on the data set, enter Description
at the command line.
Fit the incremental model to the training data by using the updateMetricsAndFit
function. Simulate a data stream by processing chunks of 50 observations at a time. At each iteration:
Process 50 observations.
Overwrite the previous incremental model with a new one fitted to the incoming observations.
Store the mean of the first predictor in the first class , the cumulative metrics, and the window metrics to see how they evolve during incremental learning.
% Preallocation numObsPerChunk = 50; nchunk = floor(n/numObsPerChunk); mc = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); mu1 = zeros(nchunk+1,1); % Incremental learning for j = 1:nchunk ibegin = min(n,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1); iend = min(n,numObsPerChunk*j); idx = ibegin:iend; MdlEarly = updateMetricsAndFit(MdlEarly,X(idx,:),Y(idx)); mc{j,:} = MdlEarly.Metrics{"MinimalCost",:}; mu1(j + 1) = MdlEarly.DistributionParameters{1,1}(1); end
MdlEarly
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object trained on all the data in the stream. During incremental learning and after the model is warmed up, updateMetricsAndFit
checks the performance of the model on the incoming observations, and then fits the model to those observations.
To see how the performance metrics and evolve during training, plot them on separate tiles.
t = tiledlayout(2,1); nexttile plot(mu1) ylabel('\mu_{11}') xlim([0 nchunk]) nexttile h = plot(mc.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]) ylabel('Minimal Cost') xline(MdlEarly.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.') legend(h,mc.Properties.VariableNames) xlabel(t,'Iteration')
The plots indicate that updateMetricsAndFit
performs the following actions:
Fit during all incremental learning iterations.
Compute the performance metrics after the metrics warm-up period (red vertical line) only.
Compute the cumulative metrics during each iteration.
Compute the window metrics after processing 200 observations (4 iterations).
Process Expected Maximum Number of Classes Late in Sample
Create a different naive Bayes model for incremental learning for the objective.
MdlLate = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('MaxNumClasses',5)
MdlLate = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes IsWarm: 0 Metrics: [1x2 table] ClassNames: [1x0 double] ScoreTransform: 'none' DistributionNames: 'normal' DistributionParameters: {}
Move all observations labeled with class 5 to the end of the sample.
idx5 = Y == 5; Xnew = [X(~idx5,:); X(idx5,:)]; Ynew = [Y(~idx5) ;Y(idx5)];
Fit the incremental model and plot the results.
mcnew = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); mu1new = zeros(nchunk,1); for j = 1:nchunk ibegin = min(n,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1); iend = min(n,numObsPerChunk*j); idx = ibegin:iend; MdlLate = updateMetricsAndFit(MdlLate,Xnew(idx,:),Ynew(idx)); mcnew{j,:} = MdlLate.Metrics{"MinimalCost",:}; mu1new(j + 1) = MdlLate.DistributionParameters{1,1}(1); end t = tiledlayout(2,1); nexttile plot(mu1new) ylabel('\mu_{11}') xlim([0 nchunk]) nexttile h = plot(mcnew.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]); ylabel('Minimal Cost') xline(MdlLate.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.') xline(sum(~idx5)/numObsPerChunk,'g-.') legend(h,mcnew.Properties.VariableNames,'Location','best') xlabel(t,'Iteration')
The updateMetricsAndFit
function trains the model throughout incremental learning, but the function starts tracking performance metrics only after the model is fit to all expected number of classes (the green vertical line in the bottom tile).
Specify All Class Names
Create an incremental naive Bayes model when you know all the class names in the data.
Consider training a device to predict whether a subject is sitting, standing, walking, running, or dancing based on biometric data measured on the subject. The class names map 1 through 5 to an activity.
Create an incremental naive Bayes model for multiclass learning. Specify the class names.
classnames = 1:5;
Mdl = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('ClassNames',classnames)
Mdl = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes IsWarm: 0 Metrics: [1x2 table] ClassNames: [1 2 3 4 5] ScoreTransform: 'none' DistributionNames: 'normal' DistributionParameters: {5x0 cell}
Mdl
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object. All its properties are read-only.
Mdl
must be fit to data before you can use it to perform any other operations.
Load the human activity data set. Randomly shuffle the data.
load humanactivity n = numel(actid); rng(1); % For reproducibility idx = randsample(n,n); X = feat(idx,:); Y = actid(idx);
For details on the data set, enter Description
at the command line.
Fit the incremental model to the training data by using the updateMetricsAndFit
function. Simulate a data stream by processing chunks of 50 observations at a time. At each iteration:
Process 50 observations.
Overwrite the previous incremental model with a new one fitted to the incoming observations.
% Preallocation numObsPerChunk = 50; nchunk = floor(n/numObsPerChunk); % Incremental learning for j = 1:nchunk ibegin = min(n,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1); iend = min(n,numObsPerChunk*j); idx = ibegin:iend; Mdl = updateMetricsAndFit(Mdl,X(idx,:),Y(idx)); end
Configure Incremental Learning Options
In addition to specifying the maximum number of class names, prepare an incremental naive Bayes learner by specifying a metrics warm-up period, during which the updateMetricsAndFit
function fits only the model. Specify a metrics window size of 500 observations.
Load the human activity data set. Randomly shuffle the data.
load humanactivity n = numel(actid); rng(1); % For reproducibility idx = randsample(n,n); X = feat(idx,:); Y = actid(idx);
The class names map 1 through 5 to an activity—sitting, standing, walking, running, or dancing, respectively—based on biometric data measured on the subject. For details on the data set, enter Description
at the command line.
Create an incremental naive Bayes model for multiclass learning. Configure the model as follows:
Specify a metrics warm-up period of 5000 observations.
Specify a metrics window size of 500 observations.
Double the penalty to the classifier when it mistakenly classifies class 2.
Track the classification error and minimal cost to measure the performance of the model. You do not have to specify
'mincost'
forMetrics
becauseincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
always tracks this metric.
C = ones(5) - eye(5); C(2,[1 3 4 5]) = 2; Mdl = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes('ClassNames',1:5, ... 'MetricsWarmupPeriod',5000,'MetricsWindowSize',500, ... 'Cost',C,'Metrics','classiferror')
Mdl = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes IsWarm: 0 Metrics: [2x2 table] ClassNames: [1 2 3 4 5] ScoreTransform: 'none' DistributionNames: 'normal' DistributionParameters: {5x0 cell}
Mdl
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object configured for incremental learning.
Fit the incremental model to the rest of the data by using the updateMetricsAndFit
function. At each iteration:
Simulate a data stream by processing a chunk of 50 observations.
Overwrite the previous incremental model with a new one fitted to the incoming observations.
Store the standard deviation of the first predictor variable in the first class , the cumulative metrics, and the window metrics to see how they evolve during incremental learning.
% Preallocation numObsPerChunk = 50; nchunk = floor(n/numObsPerChunk); ce = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); mc = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); sigma11 = zeros(nchunk+1,1); % Incremental fitting for j = 1:nchunk ibegin = min(n,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1); iend = min(n,numObsPerChunk*j); idx = ibegin:iend; Mdl = updateMetricsAndFit(Mdl,X(idx,:),Y(idx)); ce{j,:} = Mdl.Metrics{"ClassificationError",:}; mc{j,:} = Mdl.Metrics{"MinimalCost",:}; sigma11(j + 1) = Mdl.DistributionParameters{1,1}(2); end
Mdl
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object trained on all the data in the stream. During incremental learning and after the model is warmed up, updateMetricsAndFit
checks the performance of the model on the incoming observations, and then fits the model to those observations.
To see how the performance metrics and evolve during training, plot them on separate tiles.
tiledlayout(2,2) nexttile plot(sigma11) ylabel('\sigma_{11}') xlim([0 nchunk]); xline(Mdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.') xlabel('Iteration') nexttile h = plot(ce.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]) ylabel('Classification Error') xline(Mdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.') legend(h,ce.Properties.VariableNames) xlabel('Iteration') nexttile h = plot(mc.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]); ylabel('Minimal Cost') xline(Mdl.MetricsWarmupPeriod/numObsPerChunk,'r-.') legend(h,mc.Properties.VariableNames) xlabel('Iteration')
The plots indicate that updateMetricsAndFit
performs the following actions:
Fit during all incremental learning iterations.
Compute the performance metrics after the metrics warm-up period (red vertical line) only.
Compute the cumulative metrics during each iteration.
Compute the window metrics after processing 500 observations (10 iterations).
Convert Traditionally Trained Model to Incremental Learner
Train a naive Bayes model for multiclass classification by using fitcnb
. Then, convert the model to an incremental learner, track its performance, and fit the model to streaming data. Carry over training options from traditional to incremental learning.
Load and Preprocess Data
Load the human activity data set. Randomly shuffle the data.
load humanactivity rng(1) % For reproducibility n = numel(actid); idx = randsample(n,n); X = feat(idx,:); Y = actid(idx);
For details on the data set, enter Description
at the command line.
Suppose that the data collected when the subject was idle (Y
<= 2) has double the quality than when the subject was moving. Create a weight variable that attributes 2 to observations collected from an idle subject, and 1 to a moving subject.
W = ones(n,1) + (Y <= 2);
Train Naive Bayes Model
Fit a naive Bayes model for multiclass classification to a random sample of half the data.
idxtt = randsample([true false],n,true);
TTMdl = fitcnb(X(idxtt,:),Y(idxtt),'Weights',W(idxtt))
TTMdl = ClassificationNaiveBayes ResponseName: 'Y' CategoricalPredictors: [] ClassNames: [1 2 3 4 5] ScoreTransform: 'none' NumObservations: 12053 DistributionNames: {1x60 cell} DistributionParameters: {5x60 cell}
TTMdl
is a ClassificationNaiveBayes
model object representing a traditionally trained naive Bayes model.
Convert Trained Model
Convert the traditionally trained naive Bayes model to a naive Bayes classification model for incremental learning.
IncrementalMdl = incrementalLearner(TTMdl)
IncrementalMdl = incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes IsWarm: 1 Metrics: [1x2 table] ClassNames: [1 2 3 4 5] ScoreTransform: 'none' DistributionNames: {1x60 cell} DistributionParameters: {5x60 cell}
Separately Track Performance Metrics and Fit Model
Perform incremental learning on the rest of the data by using the updateMetrics
and fit
functions. Simulate a data stream by processing 50 observations at a time. At each iteration:
Call
updateMetrics
to update the cumulative and window classification error of the model given the incoming chunk of observations. Overwrite the previous incremental model to update the losses in theMetrics
property. Note that the function does not fit the model to the chunk of data—the chunk is "new" data for the model. Specify the observation weights.Call
fit
to fit the model to the incoming chunk of observations. Overwrite the previous incremental model to update the model parameters. Specify the observation weights.Store the minimal cost and mean of the first predictor variable of the first class .
% Preallocation idxil = ~idxtt; nil = sum(idxil); numObsPerChunk = 50; nchunk = floor(nil/numObsPerChunk); mc = array2table(zeros(nchunk,2),'VariableNames',["Cumulative" "Window"]); mu11 = [IncrementalMdl.DistributionParameters{1,1}(1); zeros(nchunk+1,1)]; Xil = X(idxil,:); Yil = Y(idxil); Wil = W(idxil); % Incremental fitting for j = 1:nchunk ibegin = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*(j-1) + 1); iend = min(nil,numObsPerChunk*j); idx = ibegin:iend; IncrementalMdl = updateMetrics(IncrementalMdl,Xil(idx,:),Yil(idx), ... 'Weights',Wil(idx)); mc{j,:} = IncrementalMdl.Metrics{"MinimalCost",:}; IncrementalMdl = fit(IncrementalMdl,Xil(idx,:),Yil(idx),'Weights',Wil(idx)); mu11(j+1) = IncrementalMdl.DistributionParameters{1,1}(1); end
IncrementalMdl
is an incrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
model object trained on all the data in the stream.
Alternatively, you can use updateMetricsAndFit
to update the performance metrics of the model given a new chunk of data, and then fit the model to the data.
Plot a trace plot of the performance metrics and .
t = tiledlayout(2,1); nexttile h = plot(mc.Variables); xlim([0 nchunk]) ylabel('Minimal Cost') legend(h,mc.Properties.VariableNames) nexttile plot(mu11) ylabel('\mu_{11}') xlim([0 nchunk]) xlabel(t,'Iteration')
The cumulative loss levels quickly and is stable, whereas the window loss jumps throughout the training.
changes abruptly at first, then gradually levels off as fit
processes more chunks.
More About
Bag-of-Tokens Model
In the bag-of-tokens model, the value of predictor j is the nonnegative number of occurrences of token j in the observation. The number of categories (bins) in the multinomial model is the number of distinct tokens (number of predictors).
Incremental Learning
Incremental learning, or online learning, is a branch of machine learning concerned with processing incoming data from a data stream, possibly given little to no knowledge of the distribution of the predictor variables, aspects of the prediction or objective function (including tuning parameter values), or whether the observations are labeled. Incremental learning differs from traditional machine learning, where enough labeled data is available to fit to a model, perform cross-validation to tune hyperparameters, and infer the predictor distribution.
Given incoming observations, an incremental learning model processes data in any of the following ways, but usually in this order:
Predict labels.
Measure the predictive performance.
Check for structural breaks or drift in the model.
Fit the model to the incoming observations.
For more details, see Incremental Learning Overview.
Algorithms
Performance Metrics
The
updateMetrics
andupdateMetricsAndFit
functions track model performance metrics (Metrics
) from new data only when the incremental model is warm (IsWarm
property istrue
).If you create an incremental model by using
incrementalLearner
andMetricsWarmupPeriod
is 0 (default forincrementalLearner
), the model is warm at creation.Otherwise, an incremental model becomes warm after
fit
orupdateMetricsAndFit
performs both of these actions:Fit the incremental model to
MetricsWarmupPeriod
observations, which is the metrics warm-up period.Fit the incremental model to all expected classes (see the
MaxNumClasses
andClassNames
arguments ofincrementalClassificationNaiveBayes
).
The
Metrics
property of the incremental model stores two forms of each performance metric as variables (columns) of a table,Cumulative
andWindow
, with individual metrics in rows. When the incremental model is warm,updateMetrics
andupdateMetricsAndFit
update the metrics at the following frequencies:Cumulative
— The functions compute cumulative metrics since the start of model performance tracking. The functions update metrics every time you call the functions and base the calculation on the entire supplied data set.Window
— The functions compute metrics based on all observations within a window determined by theMetricsWindowSize
name-value argument.MetricsWindowSize
also determines the frequency at which the software updatesWindow
metrics. For example, ifMetricsWindowSize
is 20, the functions compute metrics based on the last 20 observations in the supplied data (X((end – 20 + 1):end,:)
andY((end – 20 + 1):end)
).Incremental functions that track performance metrics within a window use the following process:
Store a buffer of length
MetricsWindowSize
for each specified metric, and store a buffer of observation weights.Populate elements of the metrics buffer with the model performance based on batches of incoming observations, and store corresponding observation weights in the weights buffer.
When the buffer is full, overwrite
Mdl.Metrics.Window
with the weighted average performance in the metrics window. If the buffer overfills when the function processes a batch of observations, the latest incomingMetricsWindowSize
observations enter the buffer, and the earliest observations are removed from the buffer. For example, supposeMetricsWindowSize
is 20, the metrics buffer has 10 values from a previously processed batch, and 15 values are incoming. To compose the length 20 window, the functions use the measurements from the 15 incoming observations and the latest 5 measurements from the previous batch.
The software omits an observation with a
NaN
score when computing theCumulative
andWindow
performance metric values.
Normal Distribution Estimators
If predictor variable j
has a conditional normal distribution (see the DistributionNames
property), the software fits the distribution to the data by computing the class-specific weighted mean and the biased (maximum likelihood) estimate of the weighted standard deviation. For each class k:
The weighted mean of predictor j is
where wi is the weight for observation i. The software normalizes weights within a class such that they sum to the prior probability for that class.
The unbiased estimator of the weighted standard deviation of predictor j is
Estimated Probability for Multinomial Distribution
If all predictor variables compose a conditional multinomial distribution (see the
DistributionNames
property), the software fits the distribution
using the Bag-of-Tokens Model. The software stores the probability
that token j
appears in class k
in the
property
DistributionParameters{
.
With additive smoothing [1], the estimated probability isk
,j
}
where:
which is the weighted number of occurrences of token j in class k.
nk is the number of observations in class k.
is the weight for observation i. The software normalizes weights within a class so that they sum to the prior probability for that class.
which is the total weighted number of occurrences of all tokens in class k.
Estimated Probability for Multivariate Multinomial Distribution
If predictor variable j
has a conditional multivariate
multinomial distribution (see the DistributionNames
property), the
software follows this procedure:
The software collects a list of the unique levels, stores the sorted list in
CategoricalLevels
, and considers each level a bin. Each combination of predictor and class is a separate, independent multinomial random variable.For each class k, the software counts instances of each categorical level using the list stored in
CategoricalLevels{
.j
}The software stores the probability that predictor
j
in classk
has level L in the propertyDistributionParameters{
, for all levels ink
,j
}CategoricalLevels{
. With additive smoothing [1], the estimated probability isj
}where:
which is the weighted number of observations for which predictor j equals L in class k.
nk is the number of observations in class k.
if xij = L, and 0 otherwise.
is the weight for observation i. The software normalizes weights within a class so that they sum to the prior probability for that class.
mj is the number of distinct levels in predictor j.
mk is the weighted number of observations in class k.
References
[1] Manning, Christopher D., Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze. Introduction to Information Retrieval, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Version History
Introduced in R2021aR2021b: Naive Bayes incremental fitting functions compute biased (maximum likelihood) standard deviations for conditionally normal predictor variables
Starting in R2021b, naive Bayes incremental fitting functions fit
and updateMetricsAndFit
compute
biased (maximum likelihood) estimates of the weighted standard deviations for conditionally
normal predictor variables during training. In other words, for each class
k, incremental fitting functions normalize the sum of square weighted
deviations of the conditionally normal predictor
xj by the sum of the weights in class
k. Before R2021b, naive Bayes incremental fitting functions computed
the unbiased standard deviation, like fitcnb
. The currently returned weighted standard deviation estimates differ
from those computed before R2021b by a factor of
The factor approaches 1 as the sample size increases.
See Also
Functions
Topics
- Incremental Learning Overview
- Configure Incremental Learning Model
- Implement Incremental Learning for Classification Using Succinct Workflow
- Implement Incremental Learning for Classification Using Flexible Workflow
- Perform Text Classification Incrementally
- Incremental Learning with Naive Bayes and Heterogeneous Data
MATLAB-Befehl
Sie haben auf einen Link geklickt, der diesem MATLAB-Befehl entspricht:
Führen Sie den Befehl durch Eingabe in das MATLAB-Befehlsfenster aus. Webbrowser unterstützen keine MATLAB-Befehle.
Select a Web Site
Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: .
You can also select a web site from the following list:
How to Get Best Site Performance
Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location.
Americas
- América Latina (Español)
- Canada (English)
- United States (English)
Europe
- Belgium (English)
- Denmark (English)
- Deutschland (Deutsch)
- España (Español)
- Finland (English)
- France (Français)
- Ireland (English)
- Italia (Italiano)
- Luxembourg (English)
- Netherlands (English)
- Norway (English)
- Österreich (Deutsch)
- Portugal (English)
- Sweden (English)
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom (English)