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plan

Plan path using RRT for manipulators

Since R2020b

Description

example

path = plan(rrt,startConfig,goalConfig) plans a path between the specified start and goal configurations using the manipulator rapidly exploring random trees (RRT) planner rrt.

example

path = plan(rrt,startConfig,goalRegion) plans a path between the specified start and a goal region as a workspaceGoalRegion object

[path,solnInfo] = plan(___) also returns solution info about the results from the RRT planner using the previous input arguments.

Examples

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Use the manipulatorRRT object to plan a path for a rigid body tree robot model in an environment with obstacles. Visualize the planned path with interpolated states.

Load a robot model into the workspace. Use the KUKA LBR iiwa© manipulator arm.

robot = loadrobot("kukaIiwa14","DataFormat","row");

Generate the environment for the robot. Create collision objects and specify their poses relative to the robot base. Visualize the environment.

env = {collisionBox(0.5, 0.5, 0.05) collisionSphere(0.3)};
env{1}.Pose(3, end) = -0.05;
env{2}.Pose(1:3, end) = [0.1 0.2 0.8];

show(robot);
hold on
show(env{1})
show(env{2})

Create the RRT planner for the robot model.

rrt = manipulatorRRT(robot,env);
rrt.SkippedSelfCollisions = "parent";

Specify a start and a goal configuration.

startConfig = [0.08 -0.65 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.49 0.04];
goalConfig =  [2.97 -1.05 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.49 0.04];

Plan the path. Due to the randomness of the RRT algorithm, set the rng seed for repeatability.

rng(0)
path = plan(rrt,startConfig,goalConfig);

Visualize the path. To add more intermediate states, interpolate the path. By default, the interpolate object function uses the value of ValidationDistance property to determine the number of intermediate states. The for loop shows every 20th element of the interpolated path.

interpPath = interpolate(rrt,path);
clf
for i = 1:20:size(interpPath,1)
    show(robot,interpPath(i,:));
    hold on
end
show(env{1})
show(env{2})
hold off

Specify a goal region in your workspace and plan a path within those bounds. The workspaceGoalRegion object defines the bounds on the xyz-position and zyx Euler orientation of the robot end effector. The manipulatorRRT object plans a path based on that goal region and samples random poses within the bounds.

Load an existing robot model as a rigidBodyTree object.

robot = loadrobot("kinovaGen3", "DataFormat", "row");
ax = show(robot);

Create Path Planner

Create a rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) path planner for the robot. This example uses an empty environment, but this workflow also works well with cluttered environments. You can add collision objects to the environment like the collisionBox or collisionMesh object.

planner = manipulatorRRT(robot,{});
planner.SkippedSelfCollisions="parent";

Define Goal Region

Create a workspace goal region using the end-effector body name of the robot.

Define the goal region parameters for your workspace. The goal region includes a reference pose, xyz-position bounds, and orientation limits on the zyx Euler angles. This example specifies bounds on the xy-plane in meters and allows rotation about the z-axis in radians.

goalRegion = workspaceGoalRegion(robot.BodyNames{end}); 
goalRegion.ReferencePose = trvec2tform([0.5 0.5 0.2]);
goalRegion.Bounds(1, :) = [-0.2 0.2];    % X Bounds
goalRegion.Bounds(2, :) = [-0.2 0.2];    % Y Bounds
goalRegion.Bounds(4, :) = [-pi/2 pi/2];  % Rotation about the Z-axis

You can also apply a fixed offset to all poses sampled within the region. This offset can account for grasping tools or variations in dimensions within your workspace. For this example, apply a fixed transformation that places the end effector 5 cm above the workspace.

goalRegion.EndEffectorOffsetPose = trvec2tform([0 0 0.05]);
hold on
show(goalRegion);

Plan Path To Goal Region

Plan a path to the goal region from the robot's home configuration. Due to the randomness in the RRT algorithm, this example sets the rng seed to ensure repeatable results.

rng(0)
path = plan(planner,homeConfiguration(robot),goalRegion);

Show the robot executing the path. To visualize a more realistic path, interpolate points between path configurations.

interpConfigurations = interpolate(planner,path,5);

for i = 1:size(interpConfigurations,1)
    show(robot,interpConfigurations(i,:),"PreservePlot",false);
    set(ax,'ZLim',[-0.05 0.75],'YLim',[-0.05 1],'XLim',[-0.05 1],...
        'CameraViewAngle',5)
  
    drawnow
end
hold off

Adjust End-Effector Pose

Notice that the robot arm approaches the workspace from the bottom. To flip the orientation of the final position, add a pi rotation to the Y-axis for the reference pose.

goalRegion.EndEffectorOffsetPose = ... 
    goalRegion.EndEffectorOffsetPose*eul2tform([0 pi 0],"ZYX");

Replan the path and visualize the robot motion again. The robot now approaches from the top.

hold on
show(goalRegion);
path = plan(planner,homeConfiguration(robot),goalRegion);

interpConfigurations = interpolate(planner,path,5);

for i = 1 : size(interpConfigurations,1)
    show(robot, interpConfigurations(i, :),"PreservePlot",false);
    set(ax,'ZLim',[-0.05 0.75],'YLim',[-0.05 1],'XLim',[-0.05 1])
    drawnow;
end
hold off

Input Arguments

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Manipulator RRT planner, specified as a manipulatorRRT object. This planner is for a specific rigid body tree robot model stored as a rigidBodyTree object.

Initial robot configuration, specified as an n-element vector of joint positions for the rigidBodyTree object stored in the RRT planner rrt. n is the number of nonfixed joints in the robot model.

Data Types: double

Desired robot configuration, specified as an n-element vector of joint positions for the rigidBodyTree object stored in the RRT planner rrt. n is the number of nonfixed joints in the robot model.

Data Types: double

Workspace goal region, specified as a workspaceGoalRegion object.

The workspaceGoalRegion object defines the bounds on the end-effector pose and the sample object function returns random poses to add to the RRT tree. Set the WorkspaceGoalRegionBias property to change the probability of sampling a state within the goal region.

Output Arguments

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Planned path in joint space, returned as an r-by-n matrix of joint configurations, where r is the number of configurations in the path, and n is the number of nonfixed joints in the rigidBodyTree robot model.

Data Types: double

Solution information from planner, returned as a structure with these fields:

  • IsPathFound — A logical indicating if a path was found

  • ExitFlag — An integer indicating why the planner terminated:

    • 1 — Goal configuration reached

    • 2 — Maximum number of iterations reached

Data Types: struct

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2020b

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