Documentation

# phaseSpaceReconstruction

Convert observed time series to state vectors

## Syntax

``XR = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X,lag,dim)``
``[XR,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X)``
``[XR,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X,lag)``
``[XR,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X,[],dim)``
``[___] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(___,Name,Value)``
``phaseSpaceReconstruction(___)``

## Description

````XR = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X,lag,dim)` returns the reconstructed phase space `XR` of the uniformly sampled time-domain signal `X` with time delay `lag` and embedding dimension `dim` as inputs.Use `phaseSpaceReconstruction` to verify the system order and reconstruct all dynamic system variables, while preserving system properties. Reconstructing the phase space is useful when limited data is available, or when the phase space dimension and lag is unknown. The nonlinear features `approximateEntropy`, `correlationDimension`, and `lyapunovExponent` use `phaseSpaceReconstruction` as the first step of the computation.```
````[XR,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X)` returns reconstructed phase space `XR` along with the estimated delay `eLag` and embedding dimension `eDim`. ```
````[XR,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X,lag)` returns the reconstructed phase space `XR` of uniformly sampled time domain signal `X` and embedding dimension `eDim` using time delay specified by `lag.````
````[XR,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(X,[],dim)` returns the reconstructed phase space `XR` of uniformly sampled time domain signal `X` and time delay `eLag` using embedding dimension specified by `dim`.```

example

````[___] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(___,Name,Value)` returns the reconstructed phase space `XR` with additional options specified by one or more `Name,Value` pair arguments.```

example

````phaseSpaceReconstruction(___)` with no output arguments creates a matrix of sub-axes of the reconstructed phase space with histogram plots along the diagonal.```

## Examples

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In this example, assume that you have measurements for a Lorenz Attractor. Your measurements are along the x direction only, but the attractor is a three-dimensional system. Using this limited data, reconstruct the phase space such that the properties of the original system are preserved.

Load the Lorenz Attractor data and visualize its `x`, `y` and `z` measurements on a 3-D plot.

```load('lorenzAttractorExampleData.mat','data'); plot3(data(:,1),data(:,2),data(:,3));```

Estimate the lag and dimension using the x-direction measurement.

```xdata = data(:,1); [~,eLag,eDim] = phaseSpaceReconstruction(xdata)```
```eLag = 10 ```
```eDim = 3 ```

Since the Lorenz Attractor has data in 3 dimensions, the estimated embedding dimension `eDim` is 3.

Visualize the reconstructed phase space using the estimated lag and embedding dimension.

`phaseSpaceReconstruction(xdata,eLag,eDim);`

As observed from the 3x3 phase space plot, the topology of the attractor is recovered. ${\mathit{x}}_{1}\left(\mathit{t}+10\right)$ and ${\mathit{x}}_{1}\left(\mathit{t}+20\right)$ are the other two states reconstructed with the estimated lag value of 10. The diagonal plots (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) represent the histogram of ${\mathit{x}}_{1}\left(\mathit{t}\right)$, ${\mathit{x}}_{1}\left(\mathit{t}+10\right)$and ${\mathit{x}}_{1}\left(\mathit{t}+20\right)$data, respectively.

## Input Arguments

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Uniformly sampled time-domain signal, specified as a vector, array, or timetable. When multiple columns exist in `X`, each column is treated as an independent time series.

If `X` is specified as a row vector, `phaseSpaceReconstruction` treats it as a univariate signal.

Embedding dimension, specified as a scalar or vector. `dim` is the dimension of the space in which you reconstruct a phase portrait starting from your measurements.

When `dim` is scalar, every column in `X` is reconstructed using `dim`. When `dim` is a vector having same length as the number of columns in `X`, the reconstruction dimension for column `i` is `dim(i)`.

Delay value used in phase space reconstruction, specified as a scalar or vector. When `lag` is scalar, every column in `X` is reconstructed using `lag`. When `lag` is a vector having same length as the number of columns in `X`, the reconstruction delay for column `i` is `lag(i)`.

If the time delay is too small, random noise is introduced in the states. In contrast, if the lag is too large, the reconstructed dynamics do not represent the true dynamics of the time series.

### Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of `Name,Value` arguments. `Name` is the argument name and `Value` is the corresponding value. `Name` must appear inside quotes. You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as `Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN`.

Example: `…'HistogramBins',12`

Number of bins for discretization, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of '`HistogramBins`' and a scalar. `HistogramBins` is required to compute the Average Mutual Information (AMI) to estimate delay `eLag`.

Set the value of `HistogramBins` based on the length of `X`.

Maximum value of lag, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of '`MaxLag`' and a scalar. `MaxLag` is used to estimate delay `est_delay` using the Average Mutual Information (AMI) algorithm.

Factor to determine embedding dimension, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of '`PercentFalseNeighbors`' and a scalar. When percentage of false nearest neighbors drops below the tuning parameter `PercentFalseNeighbors` at a dimension `d`, `d` is considered as the embedding dimension.

The default value of `PercentFalseNeighbors` is 0.1 and permissible values lie within the range 0 through 1.

Distance threshold to determine false neighbors, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of '`DistanceThreshold`' and a scalar. `DistanceThreshold` is a tuning parameter to determine the number of points that are false nearest neighbors in the reconstructed phase space.

The default value of `DistanceThreshold` is 10, and suggested values lie within the range 10 through 50.

Maximum value of embedding dimension, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of '`MaxDim`' and a scalar.

Change the value of `MaxDim` if the number of states of your system exceeds 5.

## Output Arguments

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Reconstructed phase space, returned as either an array or timetable. `XR` contains state vectors based on the embedding dimension and lag value.

Estimated time delay, returned as a scalar, regardless of the size of `X`.

`eLag` is estimated using Average Mutual Information (AMI) algorithm. For more information, see Algorithms.

Estimated embedding dimension, returned as a scalar, regardless of the size of `X`.

`eDim` is estimated using False Nearest Neighbor (FNN) algorithm. For more information, see Algorithms.

## Algorithms

Phase Space Reconstruction

For a uniformly sampled univariate time signal ${X}_{1}={\left({x}_{1,1},{x}_{1,2},...,{x}_{1,N}\right)}^{T}$, `phaseSpaceReconstruction` computes the delayed reconstruction

where, N is the length of the time series, τ1 is the lag, and m1 is the embedding dimension for X1.

Similarly, for a multivariate time series `X` given by,

`$X=\left[{X}_{1},{X}_{2},...,{X}_{S}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1,1}\\ ⋮\\ {x}_{1,N}\end{array}& \begin{array}{l}\dots \\ \ddots \\ \cdots \end{array}\end{array}& \begin{array}{l}{x}_{S,1}\\ ⋮\\ {x}_{S,N}\end{array}\end{array}\right]$`

`phaseSpaceReconstruction` computes the reconstruction for each time series as,

where `S` is the number of measurements, and `N` is the length of the time series.

Delay Estimation

The delay for phase space reconstruction is estimated using Average Mutual Information (AMI). For reconstruction, the time delay is set to be the first local minimum of AMI.

Average Mutual Information is computed as,

`$AMI\left(T\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}p\left({x}_{i},{x}_{i+T}\right){\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left[\frac{p\left({x}_{i},{x}_{i+T}\right)}{p\left({x}_{i}\right)p\left({x}_{i+T}\right)}\right]$`

where, N is the length of the time series and Τ = 1:`MaxLag`.

Embedding Dimension Estimation

The embedding dimension for phase space reconstruction is estimated using False Nearest Neighbor (FNN) algorithm.

• For a point i at dimension d, the points Xri and its nearest point Xr*i in the reconstructed phase space {Xri}, i = 1:N, are false neighbors if

`$\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{i}^{2}\left(d+1\right)-{R}_{i}^{2}\left(d\right)}{{R}_{i}^{2}\left(d\right)}}>DistanceThreshold$`

where, ${R}_{i}^{2}\left(d\right)={‖{X}_{i}^{r}-{X}_{i}^{r*}‖}^{2}$ is the distance metric.

• The estimated embedding dimension `d` is the smallest value that satisfies the condition pfnn < `PercentFalseNeighbors` where, pfnn is the ratio of FNN points to total number of points in the reconstructed phase space.

## References

[1] Rhodes, Carl & Morari, Manfred. "False Nearest Neighbors Algorithm and Noise Corrupted Time Series." Physical Review. E. 55.10.1103/PhysRevE.55.6162.

[2] Kliková, B., and Aleš Raidl. "Reconstruction of phase space of dynamical systems using method of time delay." Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of Doctoral Students WDS 2011.

[3] I. Vlachos, D. Kugiumtzis, "State Space Reconstruction for Multivariate Time Series Prediction", Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems, Vol 11, No 2, pp 241-249, 2008.

[4] Kantz, H., and Schreiber, T. Nonlinear Time Series Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 7, 2004.