fit

fitobject = fit(x,y,fitType) creates the fit to the data in x and y with the model specified by fitType.

fitobject = fit([x,y],z,fitType) creates a surface fit to the data in vectors x, y, and z.

fitobject = fit(x,y,fitType,fitOptions) creates a fit to the data using the algorithm options specified by the fitOptions object.

fitobject = fit(x,y,fitType,Name,Value) creates a fit to the data using the library model fitType with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments. Use fitoptions to display available property names and default values for the specific library model.

[fitobject,gof] = fit(x,y,fitType) returns goodness-of-fit statistics in the structure gof.

[fitobject,gof,output] = fit(x,y,fitType) returns fitting algorithm information in the structure output.

Examples

Fit a Quadratic Curve

Load some data, fit a quadratic curve to variables cdate and pop, and plot the fit and data.

load census;
f=fit(cdate,pop,'poly2')

f = 
     Linear model Poly2:
     f(x) = p1*x^2 + p2*x + p3
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       p1 =    0.006541  (0.006124, 0.006958)
       p2 =      -23.51  (-25.09, -21.93)
       p3 =   2.113e+04  (1.964e+04, 2.262e+04)

plot(f,cdate,pop)

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, fitted curve.

For a list of library model names, see fitType.

Fit a Polynomial Surface

Load some data and fit a polynomial surface of degree 2 in x and degree 3 in y. Plot the fit and data.

load franke
sf = fit([x, y],z,'poly23')

     Linear model Poly23:
     sf(x,y) = p00 + p10*x + p01*y + p20*x^2 + p11*x*y + p02*y^2 + p21*x^2*y 
                    + p12*x*y^2 + p03*y^3
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       p00 =       1.118  (0.9149, 1.321)
       p10 =  -0.0002941  (-0.000502, -8.623e-05)
       p01 =       1.533  (0.7032, 2.364)
       p20 =  -1.966e-08  (-7.084e-08, 3.152e-08)
       p11 =   0.0003427  (-0.0001009, 0.0007863)
       p02 =      -6.951  (-8.421, -5.481)
       p21 =   9.563e-08  (6.276e-09, 1.85e-07)
       p12 =  -0.0004401  (-0.0007082, -0.0001721)
       p03 =       4.999  (4.082, 5.917)

plot(sf,[x,y],z)

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type surface, line.

Fit a Surface Using Variables in a MATLAB Table

Load the franke data and convert it to a MATLAB® table.

load franke
T = table(x,y,z);

Specify the variables in the table as inputs to the fit function, and plot the fit.

f = fit([T.x, T.y],T.z,'linearinterp');
plot( f, [T.x, T.y], T.z )

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type surface, line.

Create Fit Options and Fit Type Before Fitting

Load and plot the data, create fit options and fit type using the fittype and fitoptions functions, then create and plot the fit.

Load and plot the data in census.mat.

load census
plot(cdate,pop,'o')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains an object of type line.

Create a fit options object and a fit type for the custom nonlinear model $y = a (x - b)^{n}$ , where a and b are coefficients and n is a problem-dependent parameter.

fo = fitoptions('Method','NonlinearLeastSquares',...
               'Lower',[0,0],...
               'Upper',[Inf,max(cdate)],...
               'StartPoint',[1 1]);
ft = fittype('a*(x-b)^n','problem','n','options',fo);

Fit the data using the fit options and a value of n = 2.

[curve2,gof2] = fit(cdate,pop,ft,'problem',2)

curve2 = 
     General model:
     curve2(x) = a*(x-b)^n
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       a =    0.006092  (0.005743, 0.006441)
       b =        1789  (1784, 1793)
     Problem parameters:
       n =           2

gof2 = struct with fields:
           sse: 246.1543
       rsquare: 0.9980
           dfe: 19
    adjrsquare: 0.9979
          rmse: 3.5994

Fit the data using the fit options and a value of n = 3.

[curve3,gof3] = fit(cdate,pop,ft,'problem',3)

curve3 = 
     General model:
     curve3(x) = a*(x-b)^n
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       a =   1.359e-05  (1.245e-05, 1.474e-05)
       b =        1725  (1718, 1731)
     Problem parameters:
       n =           3

gof3 = struct with fields:
           sse: 232.0058
       rsquare: 0.9981
           dfe: 19
    adjrsquare: 0.9980
          rmse: 3.4944

Plot the fit results with the data.

hold on
plot(curve2,'m')
plot(curve3,'c')
legend('Data','n=2','n=3')
hold off

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 3 objects of type line. These objects represent Data, n=2, n=3.

Fit a Cubic Polynomial Specifying Normalize and Robust Options

Load some data and fit and plot a cubic polynomial with center and scale (Normalize) and robust fitting options.

load census;
f=fit(cdate,pop,'poly3','Normalize','on','Robust','Bisquare')

f = 
     Linear model Poly3:
     f(x) = p1*x^3 + p2*x^2 + p3*x + p4
       where x is normalized by mean 1890 and std 62.05
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       p1 =     -0.4619  (-1.895, 0.9707)
       p2 =       25.01  (23.79, 26.22)
       p3 =       77.03  (74.37, 79.7)
       p4 =       62.81  (61.26, 64.37)

plot(f,cdate,pop)

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, fitted curve.

Fit a Curve Defined by a File

Define a function in a file and use it to create a fit type and fit a curve.

Define a function in a MATLAB^® file.

function y = piecewiseLine(x,a,b,c,d,k)
% PIECEWISELINE   A line made of two pieces
% that is not continuous.

y = zeros(size(x));

% This example includes a for-loop and if statement
% purely for example purposes.
for i = 1:length(x)
    if x(i) < k,
        y(i) = a + b.* x(i);
    else
        y(i) = c + d.* x(i);
    end
end
end

Save the file.

Define some data, create a fit type specifying the function piecewiseLine, create a fit using the fit type ft, and plot the results.

x = [0.81;0.91;0.13;0.91;0.63;0.098;0.28;0.55;...
0.96;0.96;0.16;0.97;0.96];
y = [0.17;0.12;0.16;0.0035;0.37;0.082;0.34;0.56;...
0.15;-0.046;0.17;-0.091;-0.071];
ft = fittype( 'piecewiseLine( x, a, b, c, d, k )' )
f = fit( x, y, ft, 'StartPoint', [1, 0, 1, 0, 0.5] )
plot( f, x, y )

Exclude Points from Fit

Load some data and fit a custom equation specifying points to exclude. Plot the results.

Load data and define a custom equation and some start points.

[x, y] = titanium;

gaussEqn = 'a*exp(-((x-b)/c)^2)+d'

gaussEqn = 
'a*exp(-((x-b)/c)^2)+d'

startPoints = [1.5 900 10 0.6]

startPoints = 1×4

    1.5000  900.0000   10.0000    0.6000

Create two fits using the custom equation and start points, and define two different sets of excluded points, using an index vector and an expression. Use Exclude to remove outliers from your fit.

f1 = fit(x',y',gaussEqn,'Start', startPoints, 'Exclude', [1 10 25])

f1 = 
     General model:
     f1(x) = a*exp(-((x-b)/c)^2)+d
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       a =       1.493  (1.432, 1.554)
       b =       897.4  (896.5, 898.3)
       c =        27.9  (26.55, 29.25)
       d =      0.6519  (0.6367, 0.6672)

f2 = fit(x',y',gaussEqn,'Start', startPoints, 'Exclude', x < 800)

f2 = 
     General model:
     f2(x) = a*exp(-((x-b)/c)^2)+d
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       a =       1.494  (1.41, 1.578)
       b =       897.4  (896.2, 898.7)
       c =       28.15  (26.22, 30.09)
       d =      0.6466  (0.6169, 0.6764)

Plot both fits.

plot(f1,x,y)
title('Fit with data points 1, 10, and 25 excluded')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Fit with data points 1, 10, and 25 excluded contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, fitted curve.

figure
plot(f2,x,y)
title('Fit with data points excluded such that x < 800')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Fit with data points excluded such that x < 800 contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, fitted curve.

Exclude Points and Plot Fit Showing Excluded Data

You can define the excluded points as variables before supplying them as inputs to the fit function. The following steps recreate the fits in the previous example and allow you to plot the excluded points as well as the data and the fit.

Load data and define a custom equation and some start points.

[x, y] = titanium;

gaussEqn = 'a*exp(-((x-b)/c)^2)+d'

gaussEqn = 
'a*exp(-((x-b)/c)^2)+d'

startPoints = [1.5 900 10 0.6]

startPoints = 1×4

    1.5000  900.0000   10.0000    0.6000

Define two sets of points to exclude, using an index vector and an expression.

exclude1 = [1 10 25];
exclude2 = x < 800;

Create two fits using the custom equation, startpoints, and the two different excluded points.

f1 = fit(x',y',gaussEqn,'Start', startPoints, 'Exclude', exclude1);
f2 = fit(x',y',gaussEqn,'Start', startPoints, 'Exclude', exclude2);

Plot both fits and highlight the excluded data.

plot(f1,x,y,exclude1)
title('Fit with data points 1, 10, and 25 excluded')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Fit with data points 1, 10, and 25 excluded contains 3 objects of type line. These objects represent data, excluded data, fitted curve.

figure; 
plot(f2,x,y,exclude2)
title('Fit with data points excluded such that x < 800')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Fit with data points excluded such that x < 800 contains 3 objects of type line. These objects represent data, excluded data, fitted curve.

For a surface fitting example with excluded points, load some surface data and create and plot fits specifying excluded data.

load franke
f1 = fit([x y],z,'poly23', 'Exclude', [1 10 25]);
f2 = fit([x y],z,'poly23', 'Exclude', z > 1);

figure
plot(f1, [x y], z, 'Exclude', [1 10 25]);
title('Fit with data points 1, 10, and 25 excluded')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Fit with data points 1, 10, and 25 excluded contains 3 objects of type surface, line.

figure
plot(f2, [x y], z, 'Exclude', z > 1);
title('Fit with data points excluded such that z > 1')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Fit with data points excluded such that z > 1 contains 3 objects of type surface, line.

Fit a Smoothing Spline Curve and Return Goodness-of-Fit Information

Load some data and fit a smoothing spline curve through variables month and pressure, and return goodness of fit information and the output structure. Plot the fit and the residuals against the data.

load enso;
[curve, goodness, output] = fit(month,pressure,'smoothingspline');
plot(curve,month,pressure);
xlabel('Month');
ylabel('Pressure');

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, fitted curve.

Plot the residuals against the x-data (month).

plot( curve, month, pressure, 'residuals' )
xlabel( 'Month' )
ylabel( 'Residuals' )

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, zero line.

Use the data in the output structure to plot the residuals against the y-data (pressure).

plot( pressure, output.residuals, '.' )
xlabel( 'Pressure' )
ylabel( 'Residuals' )

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains an object of type line.

Fit a Single-Term Exponential

Generate data with an exponential trend, and then fit the data using the first equation in the curve fitting library of exponential models (a single-term exponential). Plot the results.

x = (0:0.2:5)';
y = 2*exp(-0.2*x) + 0.5*randn(size(x));
f = fit(x,y,'exp1');
plot(f,x,y)

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent data, fitted curve.

Fit a Custom Model Using an Anonymous Function

You can use anonymous functions to make it easier to pass other data into the fit function.

Load data and set Emax to 1 before defining your anonymous function:

data = importdata( 'OpioidHypnoticSynergy.txt' );
Propofol      = data.data(:,1);
Remifentanil  = data.data(:,2);
Algometry     = data.data(:,3);
Emax = 1;

Define the model equation as an anonymous function:

Effect = @(IC50A, IC50B, alpha, n, x, y) ...
    Emax*( x/IC50A + y/IC50B + alpha*( x/IC50A )...
    .* ( y/IC50B ) ).^n ./(( x/IC50A + y/IC50B + ...
    alpha*( x/IC50A ) .* ( y/IC50B ) ).^n  + 1);

Use the anonymous function Effect as an input to the fit function, and plot the results:

AlgometryEffect = fit( [Propofol, Remifentanil], Algometry, Effect, ...
    'StartPoint', [2, 10, 1, 0.8], ...
    'Lower', [-Inf, -Inf, -5, -Inf], ...
    'Robust', 'LAR' )
plot( AlgometryEffect, [Propofol, Remifentanil], Algometry )

For more examples using anonymous functions and other custom models for fitting, see the fittype function.

Find Coefficient Order to Set Start Points and Bounds

For the properties Upper, Lower, and StartPoint, you need to find the order of the entries for coefficients.

Create a fit type.

ft = fittype('b*x^2+c*x+a');

Get the coefficient names and order using the coeffnames function.

coeffnames(ft)

ans = 3x1 cell
    {'a'}
    {'b'}
    {'c'}

Note that this is different from the order of the coefficients in the expression used to create ft with fittype.

Load data, create a fit and set the start points.

load enso
fit(month,pressure,ft,'StartPoint',[1,3,5])

ans = 
     General model:
     ans(x) = b*x^2+c*x+a
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       a =       10.94  (9.362, 12.52)
       b =   0.0001677  (-7.985e-05, 0.0004153)
       c =     -0.0224  (-0.06559, 0.02079)

This assigns initial values to the coefficients as follows: a = 1, b = 3, c = 5.

Alternatively, you can get the fit options and set start points and lower bounds, then refit using the new options.

options = fitoptions(ft)

options =

        Normalize: 'off'
          Exclude: []
          Weights: []
           Method: 'NonlinearLeastSquares'
           Robust: 'Off'
       StartPoint: [1x0 double]
            Lower: [1x0 double]
            Upper: [1x0 double]
        Algorithm: 'Trust-Region'
    DiffMinChange: 1.0000e-08
    DiffMaxChange: 0.1000
          Display: 'Notify'
      MaxFunEvals: 600
          MaxIter: 400
           TolFun: 1.0000e-06
             TolX: 1.0000e-06

options.StartPoint = [10 1 3];
options.Lower = [0 -Inf 0];
fit(month,pressure,ft,options)

ans = 
     General model:
     ans(x) = b*x^2+c*x+a
     Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
       a =       10.23  (9.448, 11.01)
       b =   4.335e-05  (-1.82e-05, 0.0001049)
       c =   5.523e-12  (fixed at bound)

Input Arguments

`x` — Data to fit
matrix

Data to fit, specified as a matrix with either one (curve fitting) or two (surface fitting) columns. You can specify variables in a MATLAB table using tablename.varname. Cannot contain Inf or NaN. Only the real parts of complex data are used in the fit.

Example: x

Example: [x,y]

Data Types: double

`y` — Data to fit
vector

Data to fit, specified as a column vector with the same number of rows as x. You can specify a variable in a MATLAB table using tablename.varname. Cannot contain Inf or NaN. Only the real parts of complex data are used in the fit.

Use prepareCurveData or prepareSurfaceData if your data is not in column vector form.

Data Types: double

`z` — Data to fit
vector

Use prepareSurfaceData if your data is not in column vector form. For example, if you have 3 matrices, or if your data is in grid vector form, where length(X) = n, length(Y) = m and size(Z) = [m,n].

Data Types: double

`fitType` — Model type to fit
character vector | string scalar | string array | cell array of character vectors | anonymous function | `fittype`

Model type to fit, specified as a character vector or string scalar representing a library model name or MATLAB expression, a cell array or string array of linear models terms, an anonymous function, or a fittype constructed with the fittype function. You can use any of the valid first inputs to fittype as an input to fit.

For a list of library model names, see Model Names and Equations. This table shows some common examples.

Library Model Name	Description
`'poly1'`	Linear polynomial curve
`'poly11'`	Linear polynomial surface
`'poly2'`	Quadratic polynomial curve
`'linearinterp'`	Piecewise linear interpolation
`'cubicinterp'`	Piecewise cubic interpolation
`'smoothingspline'`	Smoothing spline (curve)
`'lowess'`	Local linear regression (surface)

To fit custom models, use a MATLAB expression, a cell array of linear model terms, an anonymous function, or create a fittype with the fittype function and use this as the fitType argument. For an example, see Fit a Custom Model Using an Anonymous Function. For examples of linear model terms, see the fitType function.

Example: 'poly2'

`fitOptions` — Algorithm options
`fitoptions`

Algorithm options constructed using the fitoptions function. This is an alternative to specifying name-value pair arguments for fit options.

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: 'Lower',[0,0],'Upper',[Inf,max(x)],'StartPoint',[1 1] specifies fitting method, bounds, and start points.

Options for All Fitting Methods

`Normalize` — Option to center and scale data
`'off'` (default) | `'on'`

Option to center and scale the data, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Normalize' and 'on' or 'off'.

Data Types: char

`Exclude` — Points to exclude from fit
expression | index vector | logical vector | empty

Points to exclude from the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Exclude' and one of:

An expression describing a logical vector, e.g., x > 10.
A vector of integers indexing the points you want to exclude, e.g., [1 10 25].
A logical vector for all data points where true represents an outlier, created by excludedata.

For an example, see Exclude Points from Fit.

Data Types: logical | double

`Weights` — Weights for fit
[ ] (default) | vector

Weights for the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Weights' and a vector the same size as the response data y (curves) or z (surfaces).

Data Types: double

`problem` — Values to assign to problem-dependent constants
cell array | double

Values to assign to the problem-dependent constants, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'problem' and a cell array with one element per problem dependent constant. For details, see fittype.

Data Types: cell | double

Smoothing Options

`SmoothingParam` — Smoothing parameter
scalar value in the range (0,1)

Smoothing parameter, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'SmoothingParam' and a scalar value between 0 and 1. The default value depends on the data set. Only available if the fit type is smoothingspline.

Data Types: double

`Span` — Proportion of data points to use in local regressions
0.25 (default) | scalar value in the range (0,1)

Proportion of data points to use in local regressions, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Span' and a scalar value between 0 and 1. Only available if the fit type is lowess or loess.

Data Types: double

Linear and Nonlinear Least-Squares Options

`Robust` — Robust linear least-squares fitting method
`'off'` (default) | `LAR` | `Bisquare`

Robust linear least-squares fitting method, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Robust' and one of these values:

'LAR' specifies the least absolute residual method.
'Bisquare' specifies the bisquare weights method.

Available when the fit type Method is LinearLeastSquares or NonlinearLeastSquares.

Data Types: char

`Lower` — Lower bounds on coefficients to be fitted
[ ] (default) | vector

Lower bounds on the coefficients to be fitted, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Lower' and a vector. The default value is an empty vector, indicating that the fit is unconstrained by lower bounds. If bounds are specified, the vector length must equal the number of coefficients. Find the order of the entries for coefficients in the vector value by using the coeffnames function. For an example, see Find Coefficient Order to Set Start Points and Bounds. Individual unconstrained lower bounds can be specified by -Inf.

Available when the Method is LinearLeastSquares or NonlinearLeastSquares.

Data Types: double

`Upper` — Upper bounds on coefficients to be fitted
[ ] (default) | vector

Upper bounds on the coefficients to be fitted, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Upper' and a vector. The default value is an empty vector, indicating that the fit is unconstrained by upper bounds. If bounds are specified, the vector length must equal the number of coefficients. Find the order of the entries for coefficients in the vector value by using the coeffnames function. For an example, see Find Coefficient Order to Set Start Points and Bounds. Individual unconstrained upper bounds can be specified by +Inf.

Available when the Method is LinearLeastSquares or NonlinearLeastSquares.

Data Types: logical

Nonlinear Least-Squares Options