# Modulation and Demodulation Using Complex Envelope

This example simulates the different steps of a basic communication process. Communication systems work by modulating chunks of information into a higher carrier frequency, transmitting the modulated signals through a noisy physical channel, receiving the noisy waveforms, and demodulating the received signals to reconstruct the initial information.

All the information carried in a real-valued signal $\mathit{s}\left(\mathit{t}\right)$ can be represented by a corresponding lowpass complex envelope:

$\mathit{s}\left(\mathit{t}\right)=\mathrm{Re}\left\{\mathit{g}\left(\mathit{t}\right){\mathit{e}}^{\mathit{j}2\pi {\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathit{t}}\right\}=\mathit{i}\left(\mathit{t}\right)\mathrm{cos2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\pi \text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathit{t}-\mathit{q}\left(\mathit{t}\right)\mathrm{sin2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\pi \text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathit{t}$.

In this equation:

• ${\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ is the carrier frequency.

• $Re$ represents the real part of a complex-valued quantity.

• $\mathit{g}\left(\mathit{t}\right)=\mathit{i}\left(\mathit{t}\right)+\mathit{jq}\left(\mathit{t}\right)$is the complex envelope of $\mathit{s}\left(\mathit{t}\right)$.

• $\mathit{i}\left(\mathit{t}\right)$ is the inphase component of the complex envelope.

• $\mathit{q}\left(\mathit{t}\right)$ is the quadrature component of the complex envelope.

The complex envelope is modulated to the carrier frequency and sent through the channel. At the receiver, the noisy waveform is demodulated using the carrier frequency. The phase variation due to the carrier frequency is predictable and thus does not convey any information. The complex envelope does not include the phase variation and can be sampled at a lower rate.

Generate a signal whose complex envelope consists of a sinusoid and a chirp. The inphase component is a sinusoid with a frequency of 19 Hz. The quadrature component is a quadratic chirp whose frequency ranges from 61 Hz to 603 Hz. The signal is sampled at 2 kHz for 1 second.

```fs = 2e3; t = (0:1/fs:1-1/fs)'; inph = sin(2*pi*19*t); quad = chirp(t-0.6,61,t(end),603,"quadratic");```

Compute the complex envelope and store it as a MATLAB® timetable of sample rate `fs`.

```env = inph + 1j*quad; g = timetable(env,SampleRate=fs);```

Open Signal Analyzer and drag the complex envelope from the Workspace Browser to the Signal table. The display shows the inphase and quadrature components of the envelope as lines of the same hue and saturation, but different luminosity. The first line color represents the inphase component and the second line color represents the quadrature component.

On the Display tab, select `Spectrum` from the Spectrum drop-down list. The app displays a set of axes with the signal spectrum. Click Panner to activate the panner and create a zoom window between 300 ms and 700 ms. The complex envelope has a two-sided spectrum, displayed as a line of the same color of the inphase component of the complex envelope. The spectrum has an impulse at 0.19 kHz and a wider tapering profile at higher frequencies. The negative-frequency region of the spectrum is a mirror image of the positive-frequency region.

Modulate the signal using a carrier frequency of 200 Hz. Multiply by $\sqrt{2}$ so that the power of the modulated signal equals the power of the original signal. Add white Gaussian noise such that the signal-to-noise ratio is 40 dB.

```fc = 200; mod = sqrt(2)*real(env.*exp(2j*pi*fc*t)); SNR = 40; mod = mod + randn(size(mod))*std(mod)/db2mag(SNR); s = timetable(mod,SampleRate=fs);```

Click Display Grid to add a second display. Drag the modulated signal to the Signal table and add this signal and its spectrum to the second display. The modulation has moved the spectrum to positive frequencies centered on the carrier frequency.

Calculate the analytic signal. Demodulate the signal by multiplying the analytic signal with a complex-valued negative exponential of frequency 200 Hz.

`dem = hilbert(mod).*exp(-2j*pi*fc*t)/sqrt(2);`

Remove the second display and click Clear Display. Drag the demodulated signal to the display. Add time information to the complex envelope by clicking Time Values on the Analyzer tab. Select `Time Values` from the Time Specification drop-down list and then input the variable `t` for Time Values. The two-sided spectrum shows the recovered inphase and quadrature components of the baseband signal.

On the Display tab, click Data Cursors and select `Two`. Place the time-domain cursors at 300 ms and 900 ms, so they enclose the spectral peaks. Check the Preseve Start Time box. Click the arrow next to Extract Signals and select `Between Time Cursors`. Clear the display and plot the extracted signal. The app extracts both inphase and quadrature components of the demodulated signal in the region of interest. Select the extracted signal by clicking its Name column in the Signal table. On the Analyzer tab, click Export and save the signal to a MAT-file called `dem_ROI.mat`.

Load the `dem_ROI` file to the Workspace. Compute the demodulated inphase and quadrature components by taking the real and imaginary parts of the extracted signal. Store the time information of the extracted signal in a time variable `t_dem`.

```load dem_ROI inph_dem = real(dem_ROI); quad_dem = imag(dem_ROI); t_dem = 0.3+(0:length(dem_ROI)-1)/fs;```

Compare the transmitted waveforms and the extracted regions of interest. Also compare their spectra.

```subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,inph,t_dem,inph_dem,'--') legend("Transmitted Inphase Signal","Received Inphase Signal") subplot(2,1,2) plot(t,quad,t_dem,quad_dem,'--') legend("Transmitted Quadrature Signal","Received Quadrature Signal")```

```figure subplot(2,1,1) pspectrum(inph,fs) hold on pspectrum(inph_dem,fs) legend("Transmitted Inphase Signal","Received Inphase Signal") hold off subplot(2,1,2) pspectrum(quad,fs) hold on pspectrum(quad_dem,fs) legend("Transmitted Quadrature Signal","Received Quadrature Signal") hold off```