How can I write such an equation on Matlab?

Hello everyone,

I need to know how to write such an equation on Matlab, and define what is x(t) before computing it:

Furthermore, how can I get the distribution of x(50), plot its histogram and compute its standard deviation?

Thank you in advance.

[Torsten]

To compute x(1), you will need x(0) and x(-1).

What is x(-1) ?

Best wishes

Torsten.

[N/A]

Unluckily, I don't have any instruction on x(-1). I need to write a loop for t= 0:Nsim (where Nsim is 10000) and as t changes, the equation adjusts accordingly. I suppose I could just write that x(-1) = 0.

Answer 1

[Niels]

i am not implementing your homework, i am just put the code in the right order so that it looks like you wanted it to do in the way your showed me so far. To me it still looks like this code probably isnt the monte carlo simulation, but that might be your homework to figure out how it works.

function [x_t] = x(t) % you call the function with x(anyvalue) to get x_t 
                     % if you saved it as x.m in the current folder
    % define the number of simulations
    Nsim= 10000;  %%====== is unused
    % extract values from epsilon 
    % epsilon is distributed as a standard normal 
    N = 10000; %=======  shouldnt be this the same as your n /or x?
    u=unifrnd(0,1,N,1); 
    epsilon=norminv(u,0,1); 

    %define the variables
    % n=25; % not needed anymore
    % x_t=0;
    x_t1=0; % x_t-1
    x_t2=1; % x_t-2

    for i=1:t
        x_t  = x_t1 -0.01* x_t2 + 0.1* x_t1* epsilon(i);
        x_t2 = x_t1;
        x_t1 = x_t;
    end
end

type

x(50)

in your command window to get x_50

Answer 2

[Niels]

In general you would write a recursiv function

function result=rekursiv(xn)
  if xn==-1
    result=missingInYourCode;
  elseif xn==0
    result=1;
  else
    result=rekursiv(xn-1)- 0.01* rekursiv(xn-2)...;
  end
end

When rekursiv(1) is called there the value of x_-1 is needed. No x_-1 => no solution

[N/A]

Thank you for your help, I'm doing some steps forward. I wrote this code:

%define the variables
result=rekursiv(xn)
% define the number of simulations
Nsim= 10000;

% extract values from epsilon 
% epsilon is distributed as a standard normal 
N = 10000; 
u=unifrnd(0,1,N,1); 
epsilon=norminv(u,0,1); 

% define the model
if xn== -1
    result = 0;
elseif xn== 0
    result = 1;
else 
    for xn = 1:Nsim
        result = rekursiv(xn-1)-0.01* rekursiv(xn-2)+0.1* rekursiv((xn-1)* epsilon(xn));
    end
end

This is the error i get:

[Niels]

you didnt write any function, look at what i did

function result=rekursiv(xn)

this is the start of a function that you call. + you changed my code. why didnt you just copy my code and filled in what was missing or commented what you are trying to do?

% define the number of simulations
Nsim= 10000;  %%====== is unused

% extract values from epsilon 
% epsilon is distributed as a standard normal 
N = 10000; %=======  shouldnt be this the same as your n /or t?
u=unifrnd(0,1,N,1); 
epsilon=norminv(u,0,1); 

%define the variables
n=25;
x_n=rekursiv(n,epsilon) % didnt notice before that epsilon is related to t

% define the model
function result=rekursiv(xn,epsilon)
    if xn==-1
        result=0;
    elseif xn==0
        result=1;
    else
        result = rekursiv(xn-1,epsilon)-0.01* rekursiv(xn-2,epsilon)+0.1* rekursiv(xn-1,epsilon)* epsilon(xn);
    end
end

note that rekursion is a very slow way to calculate anything. every time this function is called, it calls itself 3 more times, so if t /or n=50 it calls itself 3^50 times, so you will have quite some time for the result for any t>20

and you cant just guess some value for t=-1, or maybe you can but the result may be some random values. anyway good luck trying.

Edit: you can also use the explicit way with a for loop. That's probably what you have been trying. Coming soon

[N/A]

Ok I'm posting the whole assignment, so the problem is more clear:

Yes, I tried to write a for loop, in order to perform the Monte Carlo method. Thank you again for your kind help.

Answer 3

[Roger Stafford]

Recursion is not a good idea on an iteration of this sort where at each step two different earlier levels are consulted. At the first step there must be two recursive calls. At the second step there must be two calls, each of which requires two calls. As you progress along the iteration, the number of calls expands exponentially. This is of course a great waste because there will be recursive calls made repeatedly for the same value of i.

It is much, much better to do the iteration with a for-loop or while-loop:

for i = 2:50
  x(i) = x(i-1)*(1+0.1*e(t(i)))-0.01*x(i-2);
end

Note: you haven’t told us what e(t) is. Is this where the stochastic property comes in? If so, you would have the repeat the above loop a great many times to simulate this stochastic behavior accurately.

[N/A]

Yes, e(t) is a Normal(0,1), so it's where the stochastic property comes in..