In case someone else should experience the same issues, I got the following answer on StackOverflow, which solved the problem.
This is a known issue with certain Intel graphics drivers. One potential workaround is to use basic hardware rendering:
opengl hardwarebasic
You could also disable the AlignVertexCenters property of the
line object:
h = findall(gca, 'type', 'line')
set(h, 'AlignVertexCenters', 'off')
The best solution may be to update your graphics drivers to the 4380 version.

