boxplot
Visualize summary statistics with box plot
Description
boxplot(
creates a box plot of the data in
x
)x
. If x
is a vector,
boxplot
plots one box. If x
is a
matrix, boxplot
plots one box for each column of
x
.
On each box, the
central mark indicates the median, and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and
75th percentiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not
considered outliers, and the outliers are plotted individually using the '+'
marker symbol.
boxplot(
creates
a box plot using the axes specified by the axes graphic object ax
,___)ax
,
using any of the previous syntaxes.
boxplot(___,
creates
a box plot with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value
)Name,Value
pair
arguments. For example, you can specify the box style or order.
Examples
Create a Box Plot
Load the sample data.
load carsmall
Create a box plot of the miles per gallon (MPG
) measurements. Add a title and label the axes.
boxplot(MPG) xlabel('All Vehicles') ylabel('Miles per Gallon (MPG)') title('Miles per Gallon for All Vehicles')
The box plot shows that the median miles per gallon for all vehicles in the sample data is approximately 24. The minimum value is about 9, and the maximum value is about 44.
Create Box Plots for Grouped Data
Load the sample data.
load carsmall
Create a box plot of the miles per gallon (MPG
) measurements from the sample data, grouped by the vehicles' country of origin (Origin
). Add a title and label the axes.
boxplot(MPG,Origin) title('Miles per Gallon by Vehicle Origin') xlabel('Country of Origin') ylabel('Miles per Gallon (MPG)')
Each box visually represents the MPG data for cars from the specified country. Italy's "box" appears as a single line because the sample data contains only one observation for this group.
Create Notched Box Plots
Generate two sets of sample data. The first sample, x1
, contains random numbers generated from a normal distribution with mu = 5
and sigma = 1
. The second sample, x2
, contains random numbers generated from a normal distribution with mu = 6
and sigma = 1
.
rng default % For reproducibility x1 = normrnd(5,1,100,1); x2 = normrnd(6,1,100,1);
Create notched box plots of x1
and x2
. Label each box with its corresponding mu
value.
figure boxplot([x1,x2],'Notch','on','Labels',{'mu = 5','mu = 6'}) title('Compare Random Data from Different Distributions')
The box plot shows that the difference between the medians of the two groups is approximately 1. Since the notches in the box plot do not overlap, you can conclude, with 95% confidence, that the true medians do differ.
The following figure shows the box plot for the same data with the maximum whisker length specified as 1.0 times the interquartile range. Data points beyond the whiskers are displayed using +
.
figure boxplot([x1,x2],'Notch','on','Labels',{'mu = 5','mu = 6'},'Whisker',1) title('Compare Random Data from Different Distributions')
With the smaller whiskers, boxplot
displays more data points as outliers.
Create Compact Box Plots
Create a 100-by-25 matrix of random numbers generated from a standard normal distribution to use as sample data.
rng default % For reproducibility x = randn(100,25);
Create two box plots for the data in x
on the same figure. Use the default formatting for the top plot, and compact formatting for the bottom plot.
figure subplot(2,1,1) boxplot(x) subplot(2,1,2) boxplot(x,'PlotStyle','compact')
Each plot presents the same data, but the compact formatting may improve readability for plots with many boxes.
Change Group Order of Box Plots
Create box plots using grouped data. Change the order of the box plots by specifying the order of the data groups.
Load the carsmall
data set, which contains measurements for 100 cars.
load carsmall
Create box plots of the miles per gallon (MPG) values. Group the data based on the country of origin and model year of the cars. Orient the box plots horizontally so that the group labels are more visible.
groupingVariables = {Origin,Model_Year}; boxplot(MPG,groupingVariables,"Orientation","horizontal") xlabel("MPG") title("MPG by Origin and Year")
The carsmall
data set does not contain a car for every combination of origin and model year. For example, the data set does not contain a car made in Italy in 1970.
Reorder the box plots by using the GroupOrder
name-value argument. Specify the order of each group in the data set. Use commas to separate the values from different grouping variables.
groupOrder = ["USA,82","USA,76","USA,70","Sweden,76","Sweden,70", ... "Japan,82","Japan,76","Japan,70","Italy,76","Germany,82", ... "Germany,76","Germany,70","France,76","France,70"]; boxplot(MPG,groupingVariables,"Orientation","horizontal", ... "GroupOrder",groupOrder) xlabel("MPG") title("MPG by Origin and Year")
The countries of origin are now in alphabetical order from top to bottom, and the model years for each country are in ascending order from top to bottom.
Box Plots for Vectors of Varying Length
Create box plots for data vectors of varying length by using a grouping variable.
Randomly generate three column vectors of varying length: one of length 5
, one of length 10
, and one of length 15
. Combine the data into a single column vector of length 30
.
rng('default') % For reproducibility x1 = rand(5,1); x2 = rand(10,1); x3 = rand(15,1); x = [x1; x2; x3];
Create a grouping variable that assigns the same value to rows that correspond to the same vector in x
. For example, the first five rows of g
have the same value, First
, because the first five rows of x
all come from the same vector, x1
.
g1 = repmat({'First'},5,1); g2 = repmat({'Second'},10,1); g3 = repmat({'Third'},15,1); g = [g1; g2; g3];
Create the box plots.
boxplot(x,g)
Input Arguments
x
— Input data
numeric vector | numeric matrix
Input data, specified as a numeric vector or numeric matrix.
If x
is a vector, boxplot
plots
one box. If x
is a matrix, boxplot
plots
one box for each column of x
.
On each box, the
central mark indicates the median, and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and
75th percentiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not
considered outliers, and the outliers are plotted individually using the '+'
marker symbol.
Data Types: single
| double
g
— Grouping variables
numeric vector | character array | string array | cell array | categorical array
Grouping variables, specified as a numeric vector, character array, string array, cell array,
or categorical array. You can specify multiple grouping variables in
g
by using a cell array of these variable types or
a matrix. If you specify multiple grouping variables, they must all be the
same length.
If x
is a vector, then the grouping variables must contain one row for
each element of x
. If x
is a
matrix, then the grouping variables must contain one row for each column of
x
. Groups that contain a missing value (NaN
), an empty character
vector, an empty or <missing>
string, or an
<undefined>
value in a grouping variable are
omitted, and are not counted in the number of groups considered by other
parameters.
By default, boxplot
sorts character and string grouping variables in the
order they initially appear in the data, categorical grouping variables by
the order of their levels, and numeric grouping variables in numeric order.
To control the order of groups, do one of the following:
Use categorical variables in
g
and specify the order of their levels.Use the
'GroupOrder'
name-value argument. For an example, see Change Group Order of Box Plots.Pre-sort your data.
Data Types: single
| double
| char
| string
| cell
| categorical
ax
— Axes on which to plot
axes graphic object
Axes on which to plot, specified as an axes graphic object.
If you do not specify ax
, then boxplot
creates
the plot using the current axis. For more information on creating
an axes graphic object, see axes
and Axes Properties.
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: 'Notch','on','Labels',{'mu = 5','mu = 6'}
creates
a notched box plot and labels the two boxes mu = 5
and mu
= 6
, from left to right
BoxStyle
— Box style
'outline'
| 'filled'
Box style, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'outline' | Plot boxes using an unfilled box with dashed whiskers. This
is the default if 'PlotStyle' is 'traditional' . |
'filled' | Plot boxes using a narrow filled box with lines for whiskers.
This is the default if 'PlotStyle' is 'compact' . |
Example: 'BoxStyle','filled'
Colors
— Box colors
RGB triplet | character vector or string scalar of color names
Box colors, specified as an RGB triplet, character vector, or string scalar. An RGB triplet is a three-element row vector whose elements specify the intensities of the red, green, and blue components of the color, respectively. Each intensity must be in the range [0,1].
The following table lists the available color characters and their equivalent RGB triplet values.
Long Name | Short Name | RGB Triplet |
---|---|---|
Yellow | 'y' | [1 1 0] |
Magenta | 'm' | [1 0 1] |
Cyan | 'c' | [0 1 1] |
Red | 'r' | [1 0 0] |
Green | 'g' | [0 1 0] |
Blue | 'b' | [0 0 1] |
White | 'w' | [1 1 1] |
Black | 'k' | [0 0 0] |
You can specify multiple colors either as a character vector or string scalar of color names
(for example, 'rgbm'
) or a three-column matrix of RGB
values. The sequence is replicated or truncated as required, so for
example, 'rb'
gives boxes that alternate red and
blue.
If you do not specify the name-value pair 'ColorGroup'
,
then boxplot
uses the same color scheme for all
boxes. If you do specify 'ColorGroup'
, then the
default is a modified hsv
colormap
.
Example: 'Colors','rgbm'
MedianStyle
— Median style
'line'
| 'target'
Median style, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'line' | Draw a line to represent the median in each box. This is the
default when 'PlotStyle' is 'traditional' . |
'target' | Draw a black dot inside a white circle to represent the median
in each box. This is the default when 'PlotStyle' is 'compact' . |
Example: 'MedianStyle','target'
Notch
— Marker for comparison intervals
'off'
(default) | 'on'
| 'marker'
Marker for comparison intervals, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'off' | Omit comparison intervals from box display. |
'on' | If 'PlotStyle' is 'traditional' ,
draw comparison intervals using notches. If 'PlotStyle' is 'compact' ,
draw comparison intervals using triangular markers. |
'marker' | Draw comparison intervals using triangular markers. |
Two medians are significantly different at the 5% significance
level if their intervals do not overlap. boxplot
represents
interval endpoints using the extremes of the notches or the centers
of the triangular markers. The notch extremes correspond to q2 –
1.57(q3 – q1)/sqrt(n) and q2 +
1.57(q3 – q1)/sqrt(n),
where q2 is
the median (50th percentile), q1 and q3 are
the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, and n is
the number of observations without any NaN
values.
If the sample size is small, the notches might extend beyond the end
of the box.
For a labeled example of box plots with notches, see Box Plot.
Example: 'Notch','on'
OutlierSize
— Marker size for outliers
positive numeric value
Marker size for outliers, specified as a positive numeric value. The specified value represents the marker size in points.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'traditional'
,
then the default value for OutlierSize
is 6. If 'PlotStyle'
is 'compact'
,
then the default value for OutlierSize
is 4.
Example: 'OutlierSize',8
Data Types: single
| double
PlotStyle
— Plot style
'traditional'
(default) | 'compact'
Plot style, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'traditional' | Plot boxes using a traditional box style. |
'compact' | Plot boxes using a smaller box style designed for plots with many groups. This style changes the defaults for some other parameters. |
Example: 'PlotStyle','compact'
Symbol
— Marker and color for outliers
character vector | string scalar
Marker and color for outliers, specified as a character vector or string scalar containing symbols for the marker and color. The symbols can appear in any order. If you omit the marker symbol, then outliers are invisible. If you omit the color symbol, then outliers appear in the same color as the box.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'traditional'
,
then the default value is '+r'
, which plots each
outlier using a red plus sign '+'
marker
symbol.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'compact'
,
then the default value is 'o'
, which plots each
outlier using a circle 'o'
marker symbol in the same
color as the corresponding box.
Marker | Description | Resulting Marker |
---|---|---|
"o" | Circle |
|
"+" | Plus sign |
|
"*" | Asterisk |
|
"." | Point |
|
"x" | Cross |
|
"_" | Horizontal line |
|
"|" | Vertical line |
|
"square" | Square |
|
"diamond" | Diamond |
|
"^" | Upward-pointing triangle |
|
"v" | Downward-pointing triangle |
|
">" | Right-pointing triangle |
|
"<" | Left-pointing triangle |
|
"pentagram" | Pentagram |
|
"hexagram" | Hexagram |
|
Color | Description |
---|---|
| Yellow |
| Magenta |
| Cyan |
| Red |
| Green |
| Blue |
| White |
| Black |
Example: Specify 'Symbol',''
to make the outliers
invisible.
Widths
— Box width
numeric scalar | numeric vector
Box width, specified as a numeric scalar or numeric vector. If the number of boxes is not equal to the number of width values specified, then the list of values is replicated or truncated as necessary.
This name-value pair argument does not alter the spacing between
boxes. Therefore, if you specify a large value for 'Widths'
,
the boxes might overlap.
The default box width is equal to half of the minimum separation
between boxes, which is 0.5 when the 'Positions'
name-value
pair argument takes its default value.
Example: 'Widths',0.3
Data Types: single
| double
ColorGroup
— Grouping variable for box color change
[]
(default) | numeric vector | character array | string array | cell array | categorical array
Grouping variable for box color change, specified as a grouping variable. The grouping
variable is a numeric vector, character array, string array, cell array,
or categorical array. The box color changes when the specified grouping
variable changes. The default value []
indicates that
the box color does not change based on the group.
Data Types: single
| double
| char
| string
| cell
| categorical
FactorDirection
— Order of factors on plot
'data'
(default) | 'list'
| 'auto'
Order of factors on plot, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'data' | Factors appear with the first value next to the plot origin. |
'list' | Factors appear left-to-right if on the x-axis, or top-to-bottom if on the y-axis. |
'auto' | If the grouping variables are numeric, then boxplot uses
'data' . If the grouping variables
are character arrays, string arrays, cell arrays, or
categorical arrays, then boxplot
uses 'list' . |
Example: 'FactorDirection','auto'
FullFactors
— Plot all group factors
'off'
(default) | 'on'
Plot all group factors, specified as either 'off'
or
'on'
. If 'off'
, then
boxplot
plots one box for each unique row of
grouping variables. If 'on'
, then
boxplot
plots one box for each possible
combination of grouping variable values, including combinations that do
not appear in the data.
Example: 'FullFactors','on'
FactorGap
— Distance between different grouping factors
[]
| positive numeric value | vector of positive numeric values | 'auto'
Distance between different grouping factors, specified as a positive numeric value, a vector
of positive numeric values, or 'auto'
. If you specify
a vector, then the vector length must be less than or equal to the
number of grouping variables.
'FactorGap'
represents the distance of the
gap between different factors of a grouping variable, expressed as
a percentage of the width of the plot. For example, if you specify [3,1]
,
then the gap is three percent of the width of the plot between groups
with different values of the first grouping variable, and one percent
between groups with the same value of the first grouping variable
but different values for the second.
If you specify 'auto'
, then boxplot
selects
a gap distance automatically. The value []
indicates
no change in gap size between different factors.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'traditional'
,
then the default value for FactorGap
is []
.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'compact'
,
then the default value is 'auto'
.
Example: 'FactorGap',[3,1]
Data Types: single
| double
| char
| string
FactorSeparator
— Separation between grouping factors
[]
| positive integer | vector of positive integers | 'auto'
Separation between grouping factors, specified as a positive integer or a vector of positive
integers, or 'auto'
. If you specify a vector, then
the length of the vector should be less than or equal to the number of
grouping variables. The integer values must be in the range
[1,G], where G is the number
of grouping variables.
'FactorSeparator'
specifies which factors
should have their values separated by a grid line. For example, [1,2]
adds
a separator line when the first or second grouping variable changes
value.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'traditional'
,
then the default value for FactorSeparator
is []
.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'compact'
,
then the default value is 'auto'
.
Example: 'FactorSeparator',[1,2]
Data Types: single
| double
| char
| string
GroupOrder
— Plotting order of groups
[]
(default) | string array | cell array
Plotting order of groups, specified as a string array or cell array containing the names of
the grouping variables. If you have multiple grouping variables,
separate values with a comma. You can also use categorical arrays as
grouping variables to control the order of the boxes. The default value
[]
does not reorder the boxes.
For an example, see Change Group Order of Box Plots.
Data Types: string
| cell
DataLim
— Extreme data limits
[-Inf,Inf]
(default) | two-element numeric vector
Extreme data limits, specified as a two-element numeric vector containing the lower and upper
limits, respectively. The values specified for
'DataLim'
are used by
'ExtremeMode'
to determine which data points are
extreme.
Data Types: single
| double
ExtremeMode
— Handling method for extreme data
'clip'
(default) | 'compress'
Handling method for extreme data, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'clip' | If any data values fall outside the limits specified by 'DataLim' ,
then boxplot displays these values at DataLim on
the plot. |
'compress' | If any data values fall outside the limits specified by 'DataLim' ,
then boxplot displays these values evenly distributed
in a region just outside DataLim , retaining the
relative order of the points. |
If any data points lie outside the limit specified by 'DataLim'
,
then the limit is marked with a dotted line. If any data points are
compressed, then two gray lines mark the compression region. Values
at –Inf
or Inf
can be
clipped or compressed, but NaN
values do not appear
on the plot. Box notches are drawn to scale and may extend beyond
the bounds if the median is inside the limit. Box notches are not
drawn if the median is outside the limits.
Example: 'ExtremeMode','compress'
Jitter
— Maximum outlier displacement distance
numeric value
Maximum outlier displacement distance, specified as a numeric value. Jitter
is the maximum distance to displace outliers along the factor axis by a
uniform random amount, in order to make duplicate points visible. If you
specify 'Jitter'
equal to 1, then the jitter regions
just touch between the closest adjacent groups.
If 'PlotStyle'
is 'traditional'
,
then the default value for Jitter
is 0. If 'PlotStyle'
is 'compact'
,
then the default value is 0.5.
Example: 'Jitter',1
Data Types: single
| double
Whisker
— Multiplier for maximum whisker length
1.5 (default) | positive numeric value
Multiplier for the maximum whisker length, specified as a positive
numeric value. The maximum whisker length is the product of
Whisker
and the interquartile range.
boxplot
draws points as outliers if they are
greater than q3 +
w ×
(q3 –
q1) or less than q1 –
w ×
(q3 –
q1), where w is the multiplier
Whisker
, and
q1 and
q3 are the 25th and 75th
percentiles of the sample data, respectively.
The default value for 'Whisker'
corresponds to
approximately +/–2.7σ and 99.3 percent coverage if the data are normally
distributed. The plotted whisker extends to the adjacent
value, which is the most extreme data value that is not
an outlier.
Specify 'Whisker'
as 0 to give no whiskers and to
make every point outside of q1
and q3 an outlier.
For a labeled example of box plots with whiskers, see Box Plot.
Example: 'Whisker',0
Data Types: single
| double
Labels
— Box labels
character array | string array | cell array | numeric vector | numeric matrix
Box labels, specified as a character array, string array, cell array, or numeric vector
containing the box label names. Specify one label per
x
value or one label per group. To specify
multiple label variables, use a numeric matrix or a cell array
containing any of the accepted data types.
To remove labels from a plot , use the following command: set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'
'})
.
Data Types: char
| string
| cell
| single
| double
LabelOrientation
— Label orientation
'inline'
| 'horizontal'
Label orientation, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'inline' | Rotate box labels to be vertical. This is the default when 'PlotStyle' is 'compact' . |
'horizontal' | Leave box labels horizontal. This is the default when 'PlotStyle' is 'traditional' . |
If the labels are on the y axis, then both settings leave the labels horizontal.
Example: 'LabelOrientation','inline'
LabelVerbosity
— Labels to display on plot
'all'
| 'minor'
| 'majorminor'
Labels to display on plot, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'all' | Display a label for every value of a grouping variable. This is the default when
'PlotStyle' is
'traditional' . |
'minor' | For any grouping variable, display the value corresponding to box |
'majorminor' | For any grouping variable |
Example: 'LabelVerbosity','minor'
Orientation
— Plot orientation
'vertical'
(default) | 'horizontal'
Plot orientation, specified as one of the following.
Name | Value |
---|---|
'vertical' | Plot x on the y-axis. |
'horizontal' | Plot x on the x-axis. |
Example: 'Orientation','horizontal'
Positions
— Box positions
numeric vector
Box positions, specified as a numeric vector containing one entry for each group or
x
value. The default is
1:NumGroups, where NumGroups
is the number of groups.
Data Types: single
| double
More About
Box Plot
A box plot provides a visualization of summary statistics for sample data and contains the following features:
The bottom and top of each box are the 25th and 75th percentiles of the sample, respectively. The distance between the bottom and top of each box is the interquartile range.
The red line in the middle of each box is the sample median. If the median is not centered in the box, the plot shows sample skewness.
The whiskers are lines extending above and below each box. Whiskers go from the end of the interquartile range to the furthest observation within the whisker length (the adjacent value).
Observations beyond the whisker length are marked as outliers. By default, an outlier is a value that is more than 1.5 times the interquartile range away from the bottom or top of the box. However, you can adjust this value by using additional input arguments. An outlier appears as a red + sign.
Notches display the variability of the median between samples. The width of a notch is computed so that boxes whose notches do not overlap have different medians at the 5% significance level. The significance level is based on a normal distribution assumption, but comparisons of medians are reasonably robust for other distributions. Comparing box plot medians is like a visual hypothesis test, analogous to the t test used for means. In some cases, notches can extend outside the boxes.
Tips
boxplot
creates a visual representation of the data, but does not return numeric values. To calculate the relevant summary statistics for the sample data, use the following functions:min
— Find the minimum value in the sample data.max
— Find the maximum value in the sample data.median
— Find the median value in the sample data.quantile
— Find the quantile values in the sample data. For example, to compute the 25th and 75th percentiles ofx
, specifyquantile(x,[0.25 0.75])
.iqr
— Find the interquartile range in the sample data.grpstats
— Calculate summary statistics for the sample data, organized by group.
You can see data values and group names using the data cursor in the figure window. The cursor shows the original values of any points affected by the
datalim
parameter. You can label the group to which an outlier belongs using thegname
function.To modify graphics properties of a box plot component, use
findobj
with theTag
property to find the component's handle.Tag
values for box plot components depend on parameter settings, and are listed in the following table.Parameter Settings Tag Values All settings 'Box'
'Outliers'
When 'PlotStyle'
is'traditional'
'Median'
'Upper Whisker'
'Lower Whisker'
'Upper Adjacent Value'
'Lower Adjacent Value'
When 'PlotStyle'
is'compact'
'Whisker'
'MedianOuter'
'MedianInner'
When 'Notch'
is'marker'
'NotchLo'
'NotchHi'
Alternative Functionality
You can also create a BoxChart
object by using the boxchart
function. Although boxchart
does not include all the functionality
of boxplot
, it has some advantages. Unlike
boxplot
, the boxchart
function:
Allows for categorical rulers along the group axis
Provides the option of a legend
Works well with the
hold on
commandHas an improved visual design that helps you see notches more easily
To control the appearance and behavior of the object, change the BoxChart Properties.
References
[1] McGill, R., J. W. Tukey, and W. A. Larsen. “Variations of Boxplots.” The American Statistician. Vol. 32, No. 1, 1978, pp. 12–16.
[2] Velleman, P.F., and D.C. Hoaglin. Applications, Basics, and Computing of Exploratory Data Analysis. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press, 1981.
[3] Nelson, L. S. “Evaluating Overlapping Confidence Intervals.” Journal of Quality Technology. Vol. 21, 1989, pp. 140–141.
[4] Langford, E. “Quartiles in Elementary Statistics”, Journal of Statistics Education. Vol. 14, No. 3, 2006.
Version History
Introduced before R2006a
See Also
anova1
| kruskalwallis
| multcompare
| min
| max
| median
| quantile
| iqr
| grpstats
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