lteULPerfectChannelEstimate

Uplink perfect channel estimation

Syntax

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,channel)

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,channel,offset)

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,chs,channel)

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,chs,channel,offset)

Description

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,channel) performs perfect channel estimation for a system configuration given user-equipment-specific (UE-specific) settings ue and propagation channel configuration channel. The perfect channel estimates are produced only for fading channel models created using the lteFadingChannel function.

This function provides a perfect multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimate after single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) modulation. To obtain this estimate, the function sets the channel with the specified configuration and sends a set of known symbols through that channel for each transmit antenna in turn.

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,channel,offset) performs perfect channel estimation for the timing and frequency offset specified by offset. Specifying offset guarantees that hest is the channel that results when the receiver is precisely synchronized.

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,chs,channel) performs perfect channel estimation for channel transmission configuration chs. This syntax supports SC-FDMA for LTE, single-tone narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), and multitone NB-IoT.

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,chs,channel,offset) performs perfect channel estimation for the channel transmission configuration and the specified timing and frequency offset.

Examples

Perform Uplink Perfect Channel Estimation

Perform uplink perfect channel estimation for a chosen propagation channel configuration.

Initialize UE-specific settings, specifying fields appropriate for an LTE uplink configuration.

ue.NULRB = 6;
ue.CyclicPrefixUL = 'Normal';
ue.NTxAnts = 2;
ue.TotSubframes = 1;

Specify propagation channel conditions.

channel.Seed = 1;
channel.DelayProfile = 'EPA';
channel.NRxAnts = 4;
channel.DopplerFreq = 5.0;
channel.MIMOCorrelation = 'Low';
channel.InitPhase = 'Random';
channel.InitTime = 0.0;
channel.ModelType = 'GMEDS';
channel.NTerms = 16;
channel.NormalizeTxAnts = 'On';
channel.NormalizePathGains = 'On';

Perform uplink perfect channel estimation and display the dimension of the channel estimate array.

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,channel);
disp(size(hest));

    72    14     4     2

Perform Uplink Perfect Channel Estimation on Time Offset Waveform

Perform uplink perfect channel estimation on a time offset waveform passed through a fading channel.

Configuration Initialization

Initialize UE-specific settings by specifying fields appropriate for an LTE uplink configuration.

ue = lteRMCUL('A1-1','FDD',1);
ue.NULRB = 10;
ue.CyclicPrefixUL = 'Normal';
ue.NTxAnts = 4;
ue.TotSubframes = 1;

Specify the propagation channel configuration.

channel.Seed = 1;
channel.DelayProfile = 'EVA';
channel.NRxAnts = 2;
channel.DopplerFreq = 5.0;
channel.MIMOCorrelation = 'UplinkMedium';
channel.InitPhase = 'Random';
channel.InitTime = 0.0;
channel.ModelType = 'GMEDS';
channel.NTerms = 16;
channel.NormalizeTxAnts = 'On';
channel.NormalizePathGains = 'On';

Waveform Processing

Create a waveform and add samples for channel delay.

[txWaveform,txgrid,rmcCfg] = lteRMCULTool(ue,[1;0;0;1]);
txWaveform = [txWaveform; zeros(25,4)];
channel.SamplingRate = rmcCfg.SamplingRate;

Pass the waveform through a fading channel, generating time-domain receiver samples.

rxWaveform = lteFadingChannel(channel,txWaveform);

Determine Timing Offset

Use the lteULFrameOffset function to estimate time offset.

offset = lteULFrameOffset(ue,ue.PUSCH,rxWaveform);
disp(offset);

     8

Modify the received waveform to account for the timing offset.

rxWaveform = rxWaveform(1+offset:end,:);

Demodulation and Uplink Perfect Channel Estimation

Generate frequency-domain receiver data by demodulating the received time-domain waveform.

grid = lteSCFDMADemodulate(ue,rxWaveform);

Perform uplink perfect channel estimation with the specified time offset.

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,channel,offset);
disp(size(hest));

   120    14     2     4

Visualize Effect of Fading Channel

Plot resource element grids to show the impact of the fading channel on the transmitted signal and recovery of the signal using the perfect channel estimate.

The output channel estimate is a 4-D array. The input specified ten resource blocks leading to 120 subcarriers per symbol. Normal cyclic prefix results in 14 symbols per subframe. The third and fourth dimensions represent the two receive and four transmit antennas specified in the input configuration structures.

Comparing the transmitted grid to the recovered grid shows how equalization of the received grid with the perfect channel estimate recovers the transmission.

recoveredgrid = grid./hest;

subplot(2,2,1)
surf(abs(txgrid(:,:,1,1)))
title('Transmitted Grid')
subplot(2,2,2)
surf(abs(grid(:,:,1,1)))
title('Received Grid')
subplot(2,2,3)
surf(abs(hest(:,:,1,1)))
title('Perfect Channel Estimate')
subplot(2,2,4)
surf(abs(recoveredgrid(:,:,1,1)))
title('Recovered Grid')

Perform Uplink Perfect Channel Estimation for NB-IoT configuration

Perform uplink perfect channel estimation for a chosen propagation channel configuration.

Initialize UE-specific settings, specifying fields appropriate for an NB-IoT uplink configuration.

ue.NBULSubcarrierSpacing = '15kHz';
ue.TotSlots = 10;

Specify propagation channel conditions.

channel.Seed = 5;
channel.DelayProfile = 'EPA';
channel.NRxAnts = 2;
channel.DopplerFreq = 5.0;
channel.MIMOCorrelation = 'Low';
channel.InitPhase = 'Random';
channel.InitTime = 0.0;
channel.ModelType = 'GMEDS';
channel.NTerms = 16;
channel.NormalizeTxAnts = 'On';
channel.NormalizePathGains = 'On';

Specify NPUSCH configuration information.

chs.NBULSubcarrierSet = 0;
chs.Modulation = 'QPSK';
chs.NULSlots = 2;
chs.NRU = 2;
chs.NRep = 1;
chs.SlotIdx = 0;

Perform uplink perfect channel estimation and display the dimension of the channel estimate array.

hest = lteULPerfectChannelEstimate(ue,chs,channel);
disp(size(hest));

    12    70     2

Input Arguments

ue — UE-specific settings

structure

UE-specific settings, specified as a structure. The fields you specify in ue determine whether the function performs channel estimation for an LTE or NB-IoT configuration. To indicate an LTE configuration, specify the NULRB field. To indicate an NB-IoT configuration, specify the NBULSubcarrierSpacing field. The NTxAnts field is required for both LTE and NB-IoT configurations. The other fields in ue are optional. The CyclicPrefixUL and TotSubframes fields are applicable only for an LTE configuration. The TotSlots field is applicable only for an NB-IoT configuration.

NULRB — Number of uplink resource blocks

integer in the interval [6, 110]

Number of uplink resource blocks, $$N_{\text{RB}}^{\text{UL}}$$, specified as an integer in the interval [6, 110]. To perform channel estimation for an LTE configuration, you must specify this field.

Data Types: double

CyclicPrefixUL — Cyclic prefix length

'Normal' (default) | 'Extended'

Cyclic prefix length, specified as 'Normal' or 'Extended'. This field is optional.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you choose an LTE configuration by specifying the NULRB field.

Data Types: char

NTxAnts — Number of transmit antennas

1 (default) | 2 | 4

Number of transmit antennas, N_TX, specified as 1, 2, or 4.

Data Types: double

TotSubframes — Total number of subframes to generate

1 (default) | nonnegative integer

Total number of subframes to generate, specified as a nonnegative integer.

Data Types: double

NBULSubcarrierSpacing — NB-IoT uplink subcarrier spacing

'3.75kHz' | '15kHz'

NB-IoT uplink subcarrier spacing, specified as '3.75kHz' or '15kHz'. To set a subcarrier spacing of 3.75 kHz, specify NBULSubcarrierSpacing as '3.75kHz'. To set a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, specify NBULSubcarrierSpacing as '15kHz'.

To perform channel estimation for an NB-IoT configuration, you must specify this field. To indicate an LTE configuration, omit this field.

Data Types: char

TotSlots — Total number of slots to generate

1 (default) | nonnegative integer

Total number of slots to generate, specified as a nonnegative integer.

Data Types: double

Data Types: struct

channel — Propagation channel configuration structure

structure

Propagation channel configuration, specified as a structure. This argument must contain all the fields required to parameterize the fading channel model, that is, to call the lteFadingChannel function.

Note

Before execution of the channel, lteULPerfectChannelEstimate sets the SamplingRate field internally to the sampling rate of the time domain waveform passed to the lteFadingChannel function for filtering. Therefore, this channel input does not require the SamplingRate field. If one is included, it is not used.

NRxAnts — Number of receive antennas

positive integer

Number of receive antennas, N_RX, specified as a positive integer.

Data Types: double

MIMOCorrelation — Correlation between UE and eNodeB antennas

'Low' | 'Medium' | 'UplinkMedium' | 'High' | 'Custom'

Correlation between UE and Evolved Node B (eNodeB) antennas, specified as one of these values:

• 'Low' – No correlation between antennas

• 'Medium' – Correlation level is applicable to tests defined in TS 36.101 [1]

• 'UplinkMedium' – Correlation level is applicable to tests defined in TS 36.104 [2]

• 'High' – Strong correlation between antennas

• 'Custom' – Apply user-defined TxCorrelationMatrix and RxCorrelationMatrix

Data Types: char | string

NormalizeTxAnts — Transmit antenna number normalization

'On' (default) | 'Off'

Transmit antenna number normalization, specified as 'On' or 'Off'. If you specify NormalizeTxAnts as 'On', lteULPerfectChannelEstimate normalizes the model output by 1/√N_TX. Normalization by the number of transmit antennas ensures that the output power per receive antenna is unaffected by the number of transmit antennas. If you specify NormalizeTxAnts as 'Off', lteULPerfectChannelEstimate does not perform normalization. This field is optional.

Data Types: char | string

DelayProfile — Delay profile model

'EPA' | 'EVA' | 'ETU' | 'Custom' | 'Off'

Delay profile model, specified as 'EPA', 'EVA', 'ETU', 'Custom', or 'Off'. For more information, see Propagation Channel Models.

Setting DelayProfile to 'Off' switches off fading completely and implements a static MIMO channel model. In this case, the antenna geometry corresponds to the MIMOCorrelation and NRxAnts fields, and the number of transmit antennas. The temporal part of the model for each link between transmit and receive antennas consists of a single path with zero delay and constant unit gain.

Data Types: char | string

DopplerFreq — Maximum Doppler frequency

nonnegative scalar

Maximum Doppler frequency, in Hz, specified as a nonnegative scalar.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off'.

Data Types: double

SamplingRate — Sampling rate of input signal

nonnegative scalar

Sampling rate of input signal, specified as a nonnegative scalar.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off'.

Data Types: double

InitTime — Fading process time offset

nonnegative scalar

Fading process time offset, in seconds, specified as a nonnegative scalar.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off'.

Data Types: double

NTerms — Number of oscillators used in fading path modeling

16 (default) | power of two

Number of oscillators used in fading path modeling, specified as a power of two. This field is optional

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off'.

Data Types: double

ModelType — Rayleigh fading model type

'GMEDS' (default) | 'Dent'

Rayleigh fading model type, specified as 'GMEDS' or 'Dent'. To model Rayleigh fading using the generalized method of exact Doppler spread (GMEDS) described in [4], specify ModelType as 'GMEDS'. To model Rayleigh fading using the modified Jakes fading model described in [3], specify ModelType as 'Dent'. This field is optional.

Note

Specifying ModelType as 'Dent' is not recommended.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off'.

Data Types: char | string

NormalizePathGains — Model output normalization indicator

'On' (default) | 'Off'

Model output normalization indicator, specified as 'On' or 'Off'. To normalize the model output such that the average power is unity, specify NormalizePathGains as 'On'. To return the average output power as the sum of the powers of the taps of the delay profile, specify NormalizePathGains as 'Off'. This field is optional.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off'.

Data Types: char | string

InitPhase — Phase initialization for sinusoidal components of model

'Random' (default) | real-valued scalar | 4-D array

Phase initialization for the sinusoidal components of the model, specified as one of these values:

• 'Random' – Randomly initialize the phases according to the value you specify in the Seed field

• A real-valued scalar – Specify the single initial value of the phases of all components, in radians

• An N-by-L-by-N_TX-by-N_RX array – Explicitly initialize the phase, in radians, of each component. In this case, N is the number of phase initialization values per path and L is the number of paths

Note

• When you specify ModelType as 'GMEDS', N = 2×NTerms.

• When you specify ModelType as 'Dent', N = NTerms.

Data Types: double | char | string

Seed — Random number generator seed

real-valued scalar

Random number generator seed, specified as a real-valued scalar. To use a random seed, specify Seed as 0.

Note

Seed values in the interval [0, 2³¹ – 1 – (K(K – 1)/2)], where K = N_TX × N_RX and is the product of the number of transmit and receive antennas, are recommended. Seed values outside of this interval are not guaranteed to give distinct results.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as a value other than 'Off' and the InitPhase field as 'Random'.

Data Types: double

AveragePathGaindB — Average gains of the discrete paths

real-valued vector

Average gains of the discrete paths, in dB, specified as a real-valued vector.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as 'Custom'.

Data Types: double

PathDelays — Delays of discrete paths

real-valued vector

Delays of the discrete paths, in seconds, specified as a real-valued vector.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the DelayProfile field as 'Custom'.

Data Types: double

TxCorrelationMatrix — Correlation between each of the transmit antennas

N_TX-by-N_TX complex-valued matrix

Correlation between each of the transmit antennas, specified as an N_TX-by-N_TX complex-valued matrix.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the MIMOCorrelation field as 'Custom'.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

RxCorrelationMatrix — Correlation between each of the receive antennas

N_RX-by-N_RX complex-valued matrix

Correlation between each of the receive antennas, specified as an N_RX-by-N_RX complex-valued matrix.

Dependencies

This field applies only when you specify the MIMOCorrelation field as 'Custom'.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Data Types: struct

offset — Timing offset

nonnegative integer

Timing offset, in samples, specified as a nonnegative integer. The timing offset is specified from the start of the output of the channel to the estimated SC-FDMA demodulation starting point. Specify the timing offset, when known, to obtain the perfect channel estimate as seen by a synchronized receiver. Use the lteULFrameOffset function to derive the value for offset.

Data Types: double

chs — NPUSCH information

structure

NPUSCH information, specified as a structure. For an NB-IoT configuration, you can set additional uplink-specific parameters by specifying the NB-IoT-specific fields in chs. Except for the NBULSubcarrierSet field, the fields in chs are applicable either when ue.NBULSubcarrierSpacing is '3.75kHz' or when ue.NBULSubcarrierSpacing is '15kHz' and length(NBULSubcarrierSet) is 1.

NBULSubcarrierSet — NB-IoT uplink subcarrier indices

vector of nonnegative integers (default) | nonnegative integer

NB-IoT uplink subcarrier indices, specified as a vector of nonnegative integers in the interval [0, 11] or a nonnegative integer in the interval [0, 47]. The indices are in zero-based form. To use lteULPerfectChannelEstimate for a single-tone NB-IoT configuration, you must specify NBULSubcarrierSet as a scalar. If you do not specify NBULSubcarrierSet, lteULPerfectChannelEstimate returns an estimate for a multi-tone NB-IoT configuration by default.If you specify ue.NBULSubcarrierSpacing as '15kHz', this field is required.

Data Types: double

Modulation — Modulation type

'BPSK' | 'QPSK'

Modulation type, specified as 'BPSK' or 'QPSK'. For binary phase shift keying (BPSK), specify Modulation as 'BPSK'. For quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), specify Modulation as 'QPSK'.

Data Types: char

NULSlots — Number of slots per resource unit

positive integer

Number of slots per resource unit (RU), specified as a positive integer. To use lteULPerfectChannelEstimate for a single-tone NB-IoT configuration, you must specify this field.

Data Types: double

NRU — Number of RUs

positive integer

Number of RUs, specified as a positive integer. To use lteULPerfectChannelEstimate for a single-tone NB-IoT configuration, you must specify this field.

Data Types: double

NRep — Number of repetitions for codeword

nonnegative integer

Number of repetitions for a codeword, specified as a nonnegative integer. To use lteULPerfectChannelEstimate for a single-tone NB-IoT configuration, you must specify this field.

Data Types: double

SlotIdx — Relative slot index in an NPUSCH bundle

0 (default) | nonnegative integer

Relative slot index in an NPUSCH bundle, specified as a nonnegative integer. This field determines the zero-based relative slot index in a bundle of time slots for transmission of a transport block or control information bit. This field is optional.

Data Types: double

Output Arguments

hest — Perfect channel estimate

complex-valued 4-D array

Perfect channel estimate, returned as an N_SC-by-N_SYM-by-N_RX-by-N_TX complex-valued array, where N_SC is the number of subcarriers and N_SYM is the number of SC-FDMA symbols.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

References

[1] 3GPP TS 36.101. “User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception.” 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA).

[2] 3GPP TS 36.104. “Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception.” 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA).

[3] Dent, P., Bottomley, G. E., and Croft, T. “Jakes Fading Model Revisited.” Electronics Letters. Vol. 29, Number 13, 1993, pp. 1162–1163.

[4] Pätzold, M., Wang, C., and Hogstad, B. O. “Two New Sum-of-Sinusoids-Based Methods for the Efficient Generation of Multiple Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Waveforms.” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. Vol. 8, Number 6, 2009, pp. 3122–3131.

Version History

Introduced in R2014a