apskmod

Amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) modulation

Syntax

y = apskmod(x,M,radii)

y = apskmod(x,M,radii,phaseoffset)

y = apskmod(___,Name,Value)

Description

y = apskmod(x,M,radii) performs APSK modulation on the input data, x, based on the specified number of constellation points per PSK ring, M, and the radius of each PSK ring, radii. For a description of APSK modulation, see Algorithms.

Note

apskmod specifically applies to multiple ring PSK constellations. For a single ring PSK constellation, use pskmod.

y = apskmod(x,M,radii,phaseoffset) specifies an initial phase offset for each PSK ring of the APSK modulated signal.

y = apskmod(___,Name,Value) specifies options using one or more name-value pair arguments using any of the previous syntaxes. For example, 'OutputDataType','double' specifies the desired output data type as double. Specify name-value pair arguments after all other input arguments.

Examples

Apply APSK Modulation

Modulate data using APSK with an unequal number of constellation points on each circle.

Define vectors for modulation order and PSK ring radii. Generate data for constellation points.

M = [4 8 20];
radii = [0.3 0.7 1.2];
modOrder = sum(M);
x = 0:modOrder-1;

Apply APSK modulation to the data.

y = apskmod(x,M,radii);

Plot the resulting constellation using a scatter plot.

scatterplot(y)

Apply APSK Modulation with Phase Offset

Modulate a random data sequence using APSK with zero phase offset for the inner circle and pi/6 phase offset for the outer circle.

Define vectors for modulation order, PSK ring radii, and PSK ring phase offset. Generate random data.

M = [8 8];
modOrder = sum(M);
radii = [0.5 1];
phOff = [0 pi/6];

x = randi([0 modOrder-1],100,1);

Apply APSK modulation to the data.

y = apskmod(x,M,radii,phOff);

Plot the resulting constellation using a scatter plot and observe the phase offset between the constellation circles.

scatterplot(y)

Apply APSK Modulation Modifying Symbol Ordering

Plot APSK constellations for Gray-coded and custom-coded symbol mappings.

Define vectors for modulation order and PSK ring radii. Generate bit data for constellation points.

M = [8 8];
modOrder = sum(M);
radii = [0.5 1.5];
x = 0:modOrder-1;

The apskmod function assumes the single channel binary input is left-MSB aligned and specified column-wise. Use the int2bit function to express the integer input symbols as a single column binary vector.

xBit = int2bit(x,log2(modOrder));

Apply APSK modulation to the data using the default phase offset. Since element values for M are equal and element values for phase offset are equal, the symbol mapping defaults to 'gray'. Plot the constellation using binary input to highlight the Gray-coded nature of the constellation mapping.

y = apskmod(xBit,M,radii,PlotConstellation=true,InputType='bit');

Create a custom-coded symbol mapping vector. This custom mapping happens to be another Gray-coded mapping.

cmap = [0;1;9;8;12;13;5;4;2;3;11;10;14;15;7;6];

Apply APSK modulation with a custom-coded symbol mapping. Plot the constellation using binary input to highlight that the custom mapping defines different Gray-coded symbol mapping.

z = apskmod(xBit,M,radii, ...
    SymbolMapping=cmap, ...
    PlotConstellation=true, ...
    InputType='bit');

Apply APSK Modulation to Input Bits

Modulate a random bit sequence using APSK and output data type single. Pass the signal through a noisy channel and display the constellation diagram.

Define vectors for modulation order and PSK ring radii. Generate random binary data.

M = [8 12 20 24];
radii = [0.8 1.2 2 2.5];
bitsPerSym = log2(sum(M));

x = randi([0 1],2000*bitsPerSym,1);

Apply APSK modulation to the data and use a name-value pair to output as data type single.

y = apskmod(x,M,radii,'InputType','bit','OutputDataType','single');

Pass through an AWGN channel with a 25 dB SNR.

yrec = awgn(y,25,'measured');

Plot the received constellation as a scatter plot.

scatterplot(yrec)

Input Arguments

x — Input signal

scalar | vector | matrix

Input signal, specified as a scalar, vector, or matrix. The elements of x must be binary values or integers in the range [0, (sum(M)-1)].

Note

To process the input signal as binary elements, set the 'InputType' name-value pair to 'bit'. For binary inputs, the number of rows must be an integer multiple of log₂(sum(M)). Groups of log₂(sum(M)) bits in a column are mapped onto a symbol, with the first bit representing the MSB and the last bit representing the LSB.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | logical

M — Constellation points per PSK ring

vector

Constellation points per PSK ring, specified as a vector with more than one element. Each vector element indicates the number of constellation points in its corresponding PSK ring. The first element corresponds to the innermost circle, and so on, until the last element, which corresponds to the outermost circle. Element values must be multiples of four and sum(M) must be a power of two. The modulation order is the total number of points in the signal constellation and equals the sum of the vector elements, sum(M).

Example: [4 12 16] specifies a three PSK ring constellation with a modulation order of sum(M) = 32.

Data Types: double

radii — Radius per PSK ring

vector

Radius per PSK ring, specified as a vector with the same length as M. The first element corresponds to the innermost circle, and so on, until the last element, which corresponds to the outermost circle. The elements must be positive and arranged in increasing order.

Example: [0.5 1 2] defines radii for three constellation PSK rings. The inner ring has a radius of 0.5, the second ring has a radius of 1.0, and the outer ring has a radius of 2.0.

Data Types: double

phaseoffset — Phase offset per PSK ring

[pi/M(1) pi/M(2) … pi/M(end)] (default) | scalar | vector

Phase offset per PSK ring in radians, specified as a scalar or vector with the same length as M. The first element corresponds to the innermost circle, and so on, until the last element, which corresponds to the outermost circle. The phaseoffset can be a scalar only if all the elements of M are the same value.

Example: [pi/4 pi/12 pi/16] defines three constellation PSK ring phase offsets. The inner ring has a phase offset of pi/4, the second ring has a phase offset of pi/12, and the outer ring has a phase offset of pi/16.

Data Types: double

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: y = apskmod(x,M,radii,'InputType','bit','OutputDataType','single');

SymbolMapping — Symbol mapping

'gray' | 'contourwise-gray' | integer vector

Symbol mapping, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'SymbolMapping' and one of the following:

• 'contourwise-gray' — Uses Gray mapping along the contour in the phase dimension for each PSK ring.

• 'gray' — Uses Gray mapping along the contour in both the amplitude and phase dimensions. For Gray symbol mapping, all the values for M must be equal and all the values for phaseoffset must be equal. For a description of the Gray mapping used, see [2].

• integer vector — Use custom symbol mapping. Vector must consist of sum(M) unique elements with values in the range [0, (sum(M)-1]. The first element corresponds to the constellation point in the first quadrant of the innermost circle, with subsequent elements positioned counterclockwise around the PSK rings.

The default symbol mapping depends on M and phaseOffset. When all the elements of M are equal and all the elements of phaseOffset are equal, the default is 'gray'. For all other cases, the default is 'contourwise-gray'.

Data Types: double | char | string

InputType — Input type

'integer' (default) | 'bit'

Input type, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'InputType' and either of these options:

• 'integer' –– The input signal must consist of integers in the range [0, (sum(M) – 1)].

• 'bit' –– The input signal must contain binary values, and the number of rows must be an integer multiple of log₂(sum(M)). Binary input signals are assumed to be left-MSB aligned and specified column-wise. Groups of log₂(sum(M)) bits in a column are mapped onto a symbol, with the first bit representing the MSB and the last bit representing the LSB.

Data Types: char | string

OutputDataType — Output data type

'double' (default) | 'single'

Output data type, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'OutputDataType' and either 'double' or 'single'.

Data Types: char | string

PlotConstellation — Plot reference constellation

false (default) | true

Plot reference constellation, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'PlotConstellation' and a logical scalar. To plot the reference constellation, set PlotConstellation to true.

Data Types: logical

Output Arguments

y — APSK modulated signal

scalar | vector | matrix

APSK modulated signal, returned as a complex scalar, vector, or matrix. The dimensions of y depend on the specified 'InputType' value.

InputType	Dimensions of y
'integer'	y has the same dimensions as input x.
'bit'	The number of rows in y equals the number of rows in x divided by log2(sum(M)).

Algorithms

The function implements a pure APSK constellation.

A pure M-APSK constellation is composed of N_C concentric rings or contours, each with uniformly spaced PSK points. The M-APSK constellation set is

$$\chi =\{\begin{array}{cc}{R}_1\exp \left(j\left(\frac{2\pi }{M_1}i+{\varphi }_1\right)\right),& i=0,\dots ,M_1-1,\\ R_2\exp \left(j\left(\frac{2\pi }{M_2}i+{\varphi }_2\right)\right),& i=0,\dots ,M_2-1,\\ ⋮& ⋮\\ R_{N_{\text{C}}}\exp \left(j\left(\frac{2\pi }{M_{N_{\text{C}}}}i+{\varphi }_{\text{Nc}}\right)\right),& i=0,\dots ,M_{N_{\text{C}}}-1,\end{array}$$

where:

• The modulation order is equal to the sum of all M_l for l = 1, 2, ... , N_C.

• N_C is the number of concentric rings. N_C ≥ 2.

• M_l is the number of constellation points in the lth ring.

• R_l is the radius of the lth ring.

• ϕ_l is the phase offset of the lth ring.

• $$j=\sqrt{-1}$$

References

[1] Corazza, Giovanni E. Digital Satellite Communications. New York: Springer Science Business Media, LLC, 2007.

[2] Liu, Z., Q. Xie, K. Peng, and Z. Yang. "APSK Constellation with Gray Mapping." IEEE Communications Letters. Vol. 15, Number 12, December 2011, pp. 1271–1273.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2018a