End-to-End Deep Speech Separation

This example uses:

This example showcases an end-to-end deep learning network for speaker-independent speech separation.

Introduction

Speech separation is a challenging and critical speech processing task. A number of speech separation methods based on deep learning have been proposed recently, most of which rely on time-frequency transformations of the time-domain audio mixture (See Cocktail Party Source Separation Using Deep Learning Networks for an implementation of such a deep learning system).

Solutions based on time-frequency methods suffer from two main drawbacks:

The conversion of the time-frequency representations back to the time domain requires phase estimation, which introduces errors and leads to imperfect reconstruction.
Relatively long windows are required to yield high resolution frequency representations, which leads to high computational complexity and unacceptable latency for real-time scenarios.

In this example, you explore a deep learning speech separation network (based on [1]) which acts directly on the audio signal and bypasses the issues arising from time-frequency transformations.

Separate Speech using the Pretrained Network

Download the Pretrained Network

Before training the deep learning network from scratch, you will use a pretrained version of the network to separate two speakers from an example mixture signal.

First, download the pretrained network and example audio files.

downloadFolder = matlab.internal.examples.downloadSupportFile("audio","speechSeparation.zip");
dataFolder = tempdir;
unzip(downloadFolder,dataFolder)
netFolder = fullfile(dataFolder,"speechSeparation");

Prepare Test Signal

Load two audio signals corresponding to two different speakers. Both signals are sampled at 8 kHz.

Fs = 8000;
s1 = audioread(fullfile(netFolder,"speaker1.wav"));
s2 = audioread(fullfile(netFolder,"speaker2.wav"));

Normalize the signals.

s1 = s1/max(abs(s1));
s2 = s2/max(abs(s2));

Listen to a few seconds of each signal.

T = 5;
sound(s1(1:T*Fs))
pause(T)

sound(s2(1:T*Fs))
pause(T)

Combine the two signals into a mixture signal.

mix = s1+s2;
mix = mix/max(abs(mix));

Listen to the first few seconds of the mixture signal.

sound(mix(1:T*Fs))
pause(T)

Separate Speakers

Load the parameters of the pretrained speech separation network.

load(fullfile(netFolder,"paramsBest.mat"),"learnables","states")

Separate the two speakers in the mixture signals by calling the separateSpeakers function.

[z1,z2] = separateSpeakers(mix,learnables,states,false);

Listen to the first few seconds of the first estimated speech signal.

sound(z1(1:T*Fs))
pause(T)

Listen to the second estimated signal.

sound(z2(1:T*Fs))
pause(T)

To illustrate the effect of speech separation, plot the estimated and original separated signals along with the mixture signal.

s1 = s1(1:length(z1));
s2 = s2(1:length(z2));
mix = mix(1:length(s1));

t  = (0:length(s1)-1)/Fs;

figure;
subplot(311)
plot(t,s1)
hold on
plot(t,z1)
grid on
legend("Speaker 1 - Actual","Speaker 1 - Estimated")
subplot(312)
plot(t,s2)
hold on
plot(t,z2)
grid on
legend("Speaker 2 - Actual","Speaker 2 - Estimated")
subplot(313)
plot(t,mix)
grid on
legend("Mixture")
xlabel("Time (s)")

Compare to a Time-Frequency Transformation Deep Learning Network

Next, you compare the performance of the network to the network developed in the Cocktail Party Source Separation Using Deep Learning Networks example. This speech separation network is based on traditional time-frequency representations of the audio mixture (using the short-time Fourier transform, STFT, and the inverse short-time Fourier transform, ISTFT).

Download the pretrained network.

downloadFolder = matlab.internal.examples.downloadSupportFile("audio","CocktailPartySourceSeparation.zip");
dataFolder = tempdir;
unzip(downloadFolder,dataFolder)
cocktailNetFolder = fullfile(dataFolder,"CocktailPartySourceSeparation");

The function separateSpeakersTimeFrequency encapsulates the steps required to separate speech using this network. The function performs the following steps:

Compute the magnitude STFT of the input time-domain mixture.
Compute a soft time-frequency mask by passing the STFT to the network.
Compute the STFT of the separated signals by multiplying the mixture STFT by the mask.
Reconstruct the time-domain separated signals using ISTFT. The phase of the mixture STFT is used.

Refer to the Cocktail Party Source Separation Using Deep Learning Networks example for more details about this network.

Separate the two speakers.

[y1,y2] = separateSpeakersTimeFrequency(mix,cocktailNetFolder);

Listen to the first separated signal.

sound(y1(1:Fs*T))
pause(T)

Listen to the second separated signal.

sound(y2(1:Fs*T))
pause(T)

Evaluate Network Performance using SI-SNR

You will compare the two networks using the scale-invariant source-to-noise ratio (SI-SNR) objective measure [1].

Compute the SISNR for the first speaker with the end-to-end network.

First, normalize the actual and estimated signals.

s10 = s1 - mean(s1);
z10 = z1 - mean(z1);

Compute the "signal" component of the SNR.

t = sum(s10.*z10) .* z10 ./ (sum(z10.^2)+eps);

Compute the "noise" component of the SNR.

n = s1 - t;

Now compute the SI-SNR (in dB).

v1 = 20*log((sqrt(sum(t.^2))+eps)./sqrt((sum(n.^2))+eps))/log(10);
fprintf("End-to-end network - Speaker 1 SISNR: %f dB\n",v1)

End-to-end network - Speaker 1 SISNR: 14.316869 dB

The SI-SNR computation steps are encapsulated in the function SISNR. Use the function to compute the SI-SNR of the second speaker with the end-to-end network.

v2 = SISNR(z2,s2);
fprintf("End-to-end network - Speaker 2 SISNR: %f dB\n",v2)

End-to-end network - Speaker 2 SISNR: 13.706419 dB

Next, compute the SI-SNR for each speaker for the STFT-based network.

w1 = SISNR(y1,s1(1:length(y1)));
w2 = SISNR(y2,s2(1:length(y2)));
fprintf("STFT network - Speaker 1 SISNR: %f dB\n",w1)

STFT network - Speaker 1 SISNR: 7.003789 dB

fprintf("STFT network - Speaker 2 SISNR: %f dB\n",w2)

STFT network - Speaker 2 SISNR: 7.382209 dB

Training the Speech Separation Network

Examine the Network Architecture

The network is based on [1] and consists of three stages: Encoding, mask estimation or separation, and decoding.

The encoder transforms the time-domain input mixture signals into an intermediate representation using convolutional layers.
The mask estimator computes one mask per speaker. The intermediate representation of each speaker is obtained by multiplying the encoder's output by its respective mask. The mask estimator is comprised of 32 blocks of convolutional and normalization layers with skip connections between blocks.
The decoder transforms the intermediate representations to time-domain separated speech signals using transposed convolutional layers.

The operation of the network is encapsulated in separateSpeakers.

Optionally Reduce the Dataset Size

To train the network with the entire dataset and achieve the highest possible accuracy, set reduceDataset to false. To run this example quickly, set reduceDataset to true. This will run the rest of the example on only a handful of files.

reduceDataset = true;

Download the Training Dataset

You use a subset of the LibriSpeech Dataset [2] to train the network. The LibriSpeech Dataset is a large corpus of read English speech sampled at 16 kHz. The data is derived from audiobooks read from the LibriVox project.

Download the LibriSpeech dataset. If reduceDataset is true, this step is skipped.

downloadDatasetFolder = tempdir;
datasetFolder = fullfile(downloadDatasetFolder,"LibriSpeech","train-clean-360");

if ~reduceDataset
    filename = "train-clean-360.tar.gz";
    url = "http://www.openSLR.org/resources/12/" + filename;
    if ~datasetExists(datasetFolder)
        gunzip(url,downloadDatasetFolder);
        unzippedFile = fullfile(downloadDatasetFolder,filename);
        untar(unzippedFile{1}(1:end-3),downloadDatasetFolder);
    end
end

Preprocess the Dataset

The LibriSpeech dataset is comprised of a large number of audio files with a single speaker. It does not contain mixture signals where 2 or more persons are speaking simultaneously.

You will process the original dataset to create a new dataset that is suitable for training the speech separation network.

The steps for creating the training dataset are encapsulated in createTrainingDataset. The function creates mixture signals comprised of utterances of two random speakers. The function returns three audio datastores:

mixDatastore points to mixture files (where two speakers are talking simultaneously).
speaker1Datastore points to files containing the isolated speech of the first speaker in the mixture.
speaker2Datastore points to files containing the isolated speech of the second speaker in the mixture.

Define the mini-batch size and the maximum training signal length (in number of samples).

miniBatchSize = 2;
duration = 2*8000;

Create the training dataset.

[mixDatastore,speaker1Datastore,speaker2Datastore] = createTrainingDataset(netFolder,datasetFolder,downloadDatasetFolder,reduceDataset,miniBatchSize,duration);

Combine the datastores. This ensures that the files stay in the correct order when you shuffle them at the start of each new epoch in the training loop.

ds = combine(mixDatastore,speaker1Datastore,speaker2Datastore);

Train on a GPU if one is available. Using a GPU requires Parallel Computing Toolbox™.

executionEnvironment = "auto"; % Change to "cpu" to train on a CPU.

Create a minibatch queue from the datastore.

mqueue = minibatchqueue(ds,MiniBatchSize=miniBatchSize, OutputEnvironment=executionEnvironment,OutputAsDlarray=true,MiniBatchFormat="SCB",MiniBatchFcn=@preprocessMiniBatch);

Specify Training Options

Define training parameters.

Train for 10 epochs.

if reduceDataset
    numEpochs = 1;
else
    numEpochs = 10; %#ok
end

Specify the options for Adam optimization. Set the initial learning rate to 1e-3. Use a gradient decay factor of 0.9 and a squared gradient decay factor of 0.999.

learnRate = 1e-3;
averageGrad = [];
averageSqGrad = [];

gradDecay = 0.9;
sqGradDecay = 0.999;

Set Up Validation Data

You will use the test signal you previously employed to test the pretrained network to compute a validation SI-SNR periodically during training.

If a GPU is available, move the validation signal to the GPU.

mix = dlarray(mix,'SCB');
if (executionEnvironment == "auto" && canUseGPU) || executionEnvironment == "gpu"
    mix = gpuArray(mix);
end

Define the number of iterations between validation SI-SNR computations.

numIterPerValidation = 50;

Define a vector to hold the validation SI-SNR from each iteration.

valSNR = [];

Define a variable to hold the best validation SI-SNR.

bestSNR = -Inf;

Define a variable to hold the epoch in which the best validation score occurred.

bestEpoch = 1;

Initialize Network

Initialize the network parameters. learnables is a structure containing the learnable parameters from the network layers. states is a structure containing the states from the normalization layers.

[learnables,states] = initializeNetworkParams;

Train the Network

Execute the training loop. This can take many hours to run.

Note that there is no a priori way to associate the estimated output speaker signals with the expected speaker signals. This is resolved by using Utterance-level permutation invariant training (uPIT) [1]. The loss is based on computing the SI-SNR. uPIT minimizes the loss over all permutations between outputs and targets. It is defined in the function uPIT.

The validation SI-SNR is computed periodically. If the SI-SNR is the best value to-date, the network parameters are saved to params.mat.

iteration = 0;

% Loop over epochs.
for jj =1:numEpochs

    % Shuffle the data
    shuffle(mqueue);

    while hasdata(mqueue)

        % Compute validation loss/SNR periodically
        if mod(iteration,numIterPerValidation)==0
            
            [z1,z2] = separateSpeakers(mix, learnables,states,false);
            
            l = uPIT(z1,s1,z2,s2);
            valSNR(end+1) = l; %#ok

            if l > bestSNR
                bestSNR = l;
                bestEpoch = jj;
                filename = "params.mat";
                save(filename,"learnables","states");
            end
        end

        iteration = iteration + 1;

        % Get a new batch of training data
        [mixBatch,x1Batch,x2Batch] = next(mqueue);

        % Evaluate the model gradients and states using dlfeval and the modelLoss function.
        [~,gradients,states] = dlfeval(@modelLoss,mixBatch,x1Batch,x2Batch,learnables,states,miniBatchSize);

        % Update the network parameters using the ADAM optimizer.
        [learnables,averageGrad,averageSqGrad] = adamupdate(learnables,gradients,averageGrad,averageSqGrad,iteration,learnRate,gradDecay,sqGradDecay);
        
    end

    % Reduce the learning rate if the validation accuracy did not improve
    % during the epoch
    if bestEpoch ~= jj
        learnRate = learnRate/2;
    end
end

Plot the validation SNR values.

if ~reduceDataset
    valIterNum = 0:length(valSNR)-1;
    figure
    semilogx(numIterPerValidation*(valIterNum-1),valSNR,"b*-")
    grid on
    xlabel("Iteration #")
    ylabel("Validation SINR (dB)")
    valFig.Visible = 'on';
end

References

[1] Yi Luo, Nima Mesgarani, "Conv-tasnet: Surpassing ideal time–frequency magnitude masking for speech separation," 2019 IEEE/ACM transactions on audio, speech, and language processing, vol. 29, issue 8, pp. 1256-1266.

[2] V. Panayotov, G. Chen, D. Povey and S. Khudanpur, "Librispeech: An ASR corpus based on public domain audio books," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brisbane, QLD, 2015, pp. 5206-5210, doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2015.7178964

Supporting Functions

function [mixDatastore,speaker1Datastore,speaker2Datastore] = createTrainingDataset(netFolder,datasetFolder,downloadDatasetFolder,reduceDataset,miniBatchSize,duration)
% createTrainingDataset Create training dataset

newDatasetPath = fullfile(downloadDatasetFolder,"speech-sep-dataset");

% Create the new dataset folders.
if isfolder(newDatasetPath)
    rmdir(newDatasetPath,"s")
end
mkdir(newDatasetPath);
mkdir(fullfile(newDatasetPath, "sp1"));
mkdir(fullfile(newDatasetPath, "sp2"));
mkdir(fullfile(newDatasetPath, "mix"));

%Create an audioDatastore that points to the LibriSpeech dataset.
if reduceDataset
    netFolder = char(netFolder);
    ads = audioDatastore([repmat(fullfile(netFolder,"speaker1.wav"),1,4),...
                          repmat(fullfile(netFolder,"speaker2.wav"),1,4)]);
else
    ads = audioDatastore(datasetFolder,IncludeSubfolders=true);
end

% The LibriSpeech dataset is comprised of signals from different speakers.
% The unique speaker ID is encoded in the audio file names.

% Extract the speaker IDs from the file names.
if reduceDataset
    ads.Labels = categorical([repmat({'1'},1,4),repmat({'2'},1,4)]);
else
    ads.Labels = categorical(extractBetween(ads.Files,fullfile(datasetFolder,filesep),filesep));
end

% You will create mixture signals comprised of utterances of two random speakers.  
% Randomize the IDs of all the speakers.
names = unique(ads.Labels);
names = names(randperm(length(names)));

% In this example, you create training signals based on 400 speakers. You
% generate mixture signals based on combining utterances from 200 pairs of
% speakers. 

% Define the two groups of speakers.
numPairs = min(200,floor(numel(names)/2)); 
n1 = names(1:numPairs);
n2 = names(numPairs+1:2*numPairs);

% Create the new dataset. For each pair of speakers: 
% * Use subset to create two audio datastores, each containing files
%   corresponding to their respective speaker.
% * Adjust the datastores so that they have the same number of files.
% * Combine the two datastores using combine. 
% * Use writeall to preprocess the files of the combined datastore and write
%   the new resulting signals to disk.

% The preprocessing steps performed to create the signals before writing
% them to disk are encapsulated in the function createTrainingFiles. For
% each pair of signals:
% * You downsample the signals from 16 kHz to 8 kHz. 
% * You randomly select 4 seconds from each downsampled signal. 
% * You create the mixture by adding the 2 signal chunks.
% * You adjust the signal power to achieve a randomly selected
%   signal-to-noise value in the range [-5,5] dB.
% * You write the 3 signals (corresponding to the first speaker, the second
%   speaker, and the mixture, respectively) to disk.
parfor index=1:length(n1)
    spkInd1 = n1(index);
    spkInd2 = n2(index);
    spk1ds = subset(ads,ads.Labels==spkInd1);
    spk2ds = subset(ads,ads.Labels==spkInd2);
    L = min(length(spk1ds.Files),length(spk2ds.Files));
    L = floor(L/miniBatchSize) * miniBatchSize;
    spk1ds = subset(spk1ds,1:L);
    spk2ds = subset(spk2ds,1:L);
    pairds = combine(spk1ds,spk2ds);
    writeall(pairds,newDatasetPath,FolderLayout="flatten",WriteFcn=@(data,writeInfo,outputFmt)createTrainingFiles(data,writeInfo,outputFmt,reduceDataset,duration));
end

% Create audio datastores pointing to the files corresponding to the individual speakers and the mixtures.
mixDatastore = audioDatastore(fullfile(newDatasetPath,"mix"));
speaker1Datastore = audioDatastore(fullfile(newDatasetPath,"sp1"));
speaker2Datastore = audioDatastore(fullfile(newDatasetPath,"sp2"));
end

function mix = createTrainingFiles(data,writeInfo,~,varargin)
% createTrainingFiles - Preprocess the training signals and write them to disk

reduceDataset = varargin{1};
duration = varargin{2};

x1 = data{1};
x2 = data{2};

% Resample from 16 kHz to 8 kHz
if ~reduceDataset
    x1 = resample(x1,1,2);
    x2 = resample(x2,1,2);
end

% Read a chunk from the first speaker signal
x1 = readSpeakerSignalChunk(duration,x1);

% Read a chunk from the second speaker signal
x2 = readSpeakerSignalChunk(duration,x2);

% SNR [-5 5] dB
s = snr(x1,x2);
targetSNR = 10 * (rand - 0.5);
x1b = 10^((targetSNR-s)/20) * x1;
mix = x1b + x2;
mix = mix./max(abs(mix));

if reduceDataset
    [~,n] = fileparts(tempname);
    name = sprintf("%s.wav",n);
else
    [~,s1] = fileparts(writeInfo.ReadInfo{1}.FileName);
    [~,s2] = fileparts(writeInfo.ReadInfo{2}.FileName);
    name = sprintf("%s-%s.wav",s1,s2);
end

audiowrite(sprintf("%s",fullfile(writeInfo.Location,"sp1",name)),x1,8000);
audiowrite(sprintf("%s",fullfile(writeInfo.Location,"sp2",name)),x2,8000);
audiowrite(sprintf("%s",fullfile(writeInfo.Location,"mix",name)),mix,8000);

end

function sequence = readSpeakerSignalChunk(duration,sequence)
% readSpeakerSignalChunk - Read a chunk from the speaker signal
if length(sequence)<=duration
    sequence = [sequence;zeros(duration-length(sequence),1)];
else
    startInd = randi([1 length(sequence)-duration],1);
    endInd = startInd + duration - 1;
    sequence = sequence(startInd:endInd);
end
sequence = sequence./max(abs(sequence));
end

function [loss,gradients,states] = modelLoss(mix,x1,x2,learnables,states,miniBatchSize)
% modelLoss Compute the model loss, gradients, and states

[y1,y2,states] = separateSpeakers(mix,learnables,states,true);

m = uPIT(x1,y1,x2,y2);
l = sum(m);
loss = -l./miniBatchSize;

gradients = dlgradient(loss,learnables);

end

function m = uPIT(x1,y1,x2,y2)
% uPIT - Compute utterance-level permutation invariant training
v1 = SISNR(y1,x1);
v2 = SISNR(y2,x2);
m1 = mean([v1;v2]);

v1 = SISNR(y2,x1);
v2 = SISNR(y1,x2);
m2 = mean([v1;v2]);

m = max(m1,m2);
end

function z = SISNR(x,y)
% SISNR - Compute SI-SNR
x = x - mean(x);
y = y - mean(y);

t = sum(x.*y) .* y ./ (sum(y.^2)+eps);

z = 20*log((sqrt(sum(t.^2))+eps)./sqrt((sum((x-t).^2))+eps))/log(10);

end

function [learnables,states] = initializeNetworkParams
% initializeNetworkParams - Initialize the learnables and states of the
% network
learnables.Conv1W = initializeGlorot(20,1,256);
learnables.Conv1B = dlarray(zeros(256,1,"single"));

learnables.ln_weight = dlarray(ones(1,256,"single"));
learnables.ln_bias = dlarray(zeros(1,256,"single"));

learnables.Conv2W = initializeGlorot(1,256,256);
learnables.Conv2B = dlarray(zeros(256,1,"single"));

blk.Conv1B = dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));
blk.Prelu1 = dlarray(single(0.25));
blk.BN1Offset = dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));
blk.BN1Scale = dlarray(ones(512,1,"single"));
blk.Conv2B = dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));
blk.Prelu2 = dlarray(single(0.25));
blk.BN2Offset= dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));
blk.BN2Scale= dlarray(ones(512,1,"single"));
blk.Conv3B = dlarray(ones(256,1,"single"));

s.BN1Mean= dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));
s.BN1Var= dlarray(ones(512,1,"single"));
s.BN2Mean = dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));
s.BN2Var = dlarray(ones(512,1,"single"));

for index=1:32
    blk.Conv1W = initializeGlorot(1,256,512);
    blk.Conv2W = initializeGlorot(3,1,512);
    blk.Conv2W =  reshape(blk.Conv2W,[3 1 1 512]);
    blk.Conv3W = initializeGlorot(1,512,256); 
    learnables.Blocks(index) = blk;
    states(index) = s; %#ok
end

learnables.Conv3W = initializeGlorot(1,256,512);
learnables.Conv3B = dlarray(zeros(512,1,"single"));

learnables.TransConv1W = initializeGlorot(20,1,256);
learnables.TransConv1B = dlarray(zeros(1,1, "single"));

end

function weights = initializeGlorot(filterSize,numChannels,numFilters)
% initializeGlorot - Perform Glorot initialization
sz = [filterSize numChannels numFilters];
numOut = prod(filterSize) * numFilters;
numIn = numOut;

Z = 2*rand(sz,"single") - 1;
bound = sqrt(6 / (numIn + numOut));

weights = dlarray(bound * Z);
end

function [output1, output2, states] = separateSpeakers(input, learnables, states, training)
% separateSpeakers - Separate two speaker signals from a mixture input
if ~isdlarray(input)
    input = dlarray(input,"SCB");
end

x = dlconv(input, learnables.Conv1W,learnables.Conv1B, Stride= 10);

x = relu(x);
x0 = x;

x = x-mean(x, 2);
x = x./sqrt(mean(x.^2, 2) + 1e-5);
x = x.*learnables.ln_weight + learnables.ln_bias;

encoderOut = dlconv(x, learnables.Conv2W, learnables.Conv2B);

for index = 1:32
    [encoderOut,s] = convBlock(encoderOut, index-1,learnables.Blocks(index),states(index),training);
    states(index) = s;
end

masks = dlconv(encoderOut, learnables.Conv3W, learnables.Conv3B);
masks = relu(masks);

mask1 = masks(:,1:256,:);
mask2 = masks(:,257:512,:);

out1 = x0 .* mask1;
out2 = x0 .* mask2;

weights = learnables.TransConv1W;
bias = learnables.TransConv1B;
output2 = dltranspconv(out1, weights, bias, Stride=10);
output1 = dltranspconv(out2, weights, bias, Stride=10);

if ~training
    output1 = gather(extractdata(output1));
    output2 = gather(extractdata(output2));

    output1 = output1./max(abs(output1));
    output2 = output2./max(abs(output2));
end

end

function [output,state] = convBlock(input, count,learnables,state,training)

% Conv:
conv1Out = dlconv(input, learnables.Conv1W, learnables.Conv1B);

% PRelu:
conv1Out = relu(conv1Out) - learnables.Prelu1.*relu(-conv1Out);

% BatchNormalization:
offset = learnables.BN1Offset;
scale = learnables.BN1Scale;
datasetMean = state.BN1Mean;
datasetVariance = state.BN1Var;
if training
    [batchOut, dsmean, dsvar] = batchnorm(conv1Out, offset, scale, datasetMean, datasetVariance);
    state.BN1Mean = dsmean;
    state.BN1Var = dsvar;
else
    batchOut = batchnorm(conv1Out, offset, scale, datasetMean, datasetVariance);
end

% Conv:
padding = [1 1] * 2^(mod(count,8));
dilationFactor = 2^(mod(count,8));
convOut = dlconv(batchOut, learnables.Conv2W, learnables.Conv2B,DilationFactor=dilationFactor, Padding=padding);

% PRelu:
convOut = relu(convOut) - learnables.Prelu2.*relu(-convOut);

% BatchNormalization:
if training
    [batchOut, dsmean, dsvar] = batchnorm(convOut, learnables.BN2Offset, learnables.BN2Scale, state.BN2Mean, state.BN2Var);
    state.BN2Mean = dsmean;
    state.BN2Var = dsvar;
else
    batchOut = batchnorm(convOut, learnables.BN2Offset, learnables.BN2Scale, state.BN2Mean, state.BN2Var);
end

% Conv:
output = dlconv(batchOut,  learnables.Conv3W, learnables.Conv3B);

% Skip connection
output = output + input;

end

function [speaker1,speaker2] = separateSpeakersTimeFrequency(mix,pathToNet)
% separateSpeakersTimeFrequency - STFT-based speaker separation function
WindowLength  = 128;
FFTLength     = 128;
OverlapLength = 128-1;
win           = hann(WindowLength,"periodic");

% Downsample to 4 kHz
mix = resample(mix,1,2);

P0 = stft(mix, Window=win, OverlapLength=OverlapLength,...
    FFTLength=FFTLength, FrequencyRange="onesided");
P = log(abs(P0) + eps);
MP = mean(P(:));
SP = std(P(:));
P = (P-MP)/SP;

seqLen = 20;
PSeq  = zeros(1 + FFTLength/2,seqLen,1,0);
seqOverlap = seqLen;

loc = 1;
while loc < size(P,2)-seqLen
    PSeq(:,:,:,end+1) = P(:,loc:loc+seqLen-1); %#ok
    loc = loc + seqOverlap;
end

PSeq  = reshape(PSeq, [1 1 (1 + FFTLength/2) * seqLen size(PSeq,4)]);

s = load(fullfile(pathToNet,"CocktailPartyNet.mat"));
CocktailPartyNet = s.CocktailPartyNet;
estimatedMasks = predict(CocktailPartyNet,PSeq);

estimatedMasks = estimatedMasks.';
estimatedMasks = reshape(estimatedMasks,1 + FFTLength/2,numel(estimatedMasks)/(1 + FFTLength/2));

mask1   = estimatedMasks; 
mask2 = 1 - mask1;

P0 = P0(:,1:size(mask1,2));

P_speaker1 = P0 .* mask1;

speaker1 = istft(P_speaker1, Window=win, OverlapLength=OverlapLength,...
    FFTLength=FFTLength, ConjugateSymmetric=true,...
    FrequencyRange="onesided");
speaker1 = speaker1 / max(abs(speaker1));

P_speaker2 = P0 .* mask2;

speaker2 = istft(P_speaker2, Window=win, OverlapLength=OverlapLength,...
    FFTLength=FFTLength, ConjugateSymmetric=true,...
    FrequencyRange="onesided");
speaker2 = speaker2 / max(speaker2);

speaker1 = resample(double(speaker1),2,1);
speaker2 = resample(double(speaker2),2,1);
end

function [x1Batch,x2Batch,mixBatch] = preprocessMiniBatch(x1Batch,x2Batch,mixBatch)
% preprocessMiniBatch - Preprocess mini-batch
x1Batch = cat(3,x1Batch{:});
x2Batch = cat(3,x2Batch{:});
mixBatch = cat(3,mixBatch{:});
end