How to fft time signal and get given number of fft points and frequency resoution?

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Hi!
I have a time domain signal x. I should calculate te spectrum of it, but I want to get the spectrum with a certain frequency resolution and certain number of fft points. Let's say for example, that the time signal is stored in a 1 by 10000 vector. It is sampled with fs = 1000 Hz. The frequency resolution is given by these two things. Still I want my data to hae a frequency resolution of 1Hz, and 5000 datapoints. How can I do that without deformind the signal? Is there maybe an other way than using fft and still get the spectrum with right amplitude and phase?

Akzeptierte Antwort

Mathieu NOE
Mathieu NOE am 22 Mär. 2021
hello again
your fft resolution depends on the sampling freq (Fs) and your fft length (nfft)
df = Fs / nfft
see example code below (there is more than just this point)
clc
clearvars
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% load signal
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% dummy data
Fs = 10000;
samples = 20000;
t = (0:samples-1)'*1/Fs;
signal = sin(2*pi*50*t)+2*sin(2*pi*440*t)+1e-2*randn(samples,1); % two sine + some noise
%% decimate (if needed)
% NB : decim = 1 will do nothing (output = input)
decim = 5;
if decim>1
signal = decimate(signal,decim);
Fs = Fs/decim;
end
samples = length(signal);
t = (0:samples-1)*1/Fs;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% FFT parameters
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
NFFT = Fs; % so delta f = 1 Hz
Overlap = 0.75;
w = hanning(NFFT); % Hanning window / Use the HANN function to get a Hanning window which has the first and last zero-weighted samples.
%% notch filter section %%%%%%
% H(s) = (s^2 + 1) / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)
fc = 50; % notch freq
wc = 2*pi*fc;
Q = 5; % adjust Q factor for wider (low Q) / narrower (high Q) notch
% at f = fc the filter has gain = 0
w0 = 2*pi*fc/Fs;
alpha = sin(w0)/(2*Q);
b0 = 1;
b1 = -2*cos(w0);
b2 = 1;
a0 = 1 + alpha;
a1 = -2*cos(w0);
a2 = 1 - alpha;
% analog notch (for info)
num1=[1/wc^2 0 1];
den1=[1/wc^2 1/(wc*Q) 1];
% digital notch (for info)
num1z=[b0 b1 b2];
den1z=[a0 a1 a2];
freq = (fc-1:0.01:fc+1);
[g1,p1] = bode(num1,den1,2*pi*freq);
g1db = 20*log10(g1+1e-6);
[gd1,pd1] = dbode(num1z,den1z,1/Fs,2*pi*freq);
gd1db = 20*log10(gd1+1e-6);
figure(1);
plot(freq,g1db,'b',freq,gd1db,'+r');
title(' Notch: H(s) = (s^2 + 1) / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)');
legend('analog','digital');
xlabel('Fréquence (Hz)');
ylabel(' dB')
% now let's filter the signal
signal_filtered = filtfilt(num1z,den1z,signal);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% display : averaged FFT spectrum before / after notch filter
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
[freq,fft_spectrum] = myfft_peak(signal, Fs, NFFT, Overlap); %
sensor_spectrum_dB = 20*log10(fft_spectrum);% convert to dB scale (ref = 1)
% demo findpeaks
[pks,locs]= findpeaks(sensor_spectrum_dB,'SortStr','descend','NPeaks',2);
[freq,fft_spectrum_filtered] = myfft_peak(signal_filtered, Fs, NFFT, Overlap);
sensor_spectrum_filtered_dB = 20*log10(fft_spectrum_filtered);% convert to dB scale (ref = 1)
figure(2),plot(freq,sensor_spectrum_dB,'b',freq,sensor_spectrum_filtered_dB,'r');grid
title(['Averaged FFT Spectrum / Fs = ' num2str(Fs) ' Hz / Delta f = ' num2str(freq(2)-freq(1)) ' Hz ']);
legend('before notch filter','after notch filter');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');ylabel(' dB')
text(freq(locs)+1,pks,num2str(freq(locs)))
function [freq_vector,fft_spectrum] = myfft_peak(signal, Fs, nfft, Overlap)
% FFT peak spectrum of signal (example sinus amplitude 1 = 0 dB after fft).
% Linear averaging
% signal - input signal,
% Fs - Sampling frequency (Hz).
% nfft - FFT window size
% Overlap - buffer overlap % (between 0 and 0.95)
signal = signal(:);
samples = length(signal);
% fill signal with zeros if its length is lower than nfft
if samples<nfft
s_tmp = zeros(nfft,1);
s_tmp((1:samples)) = signal;
signal = s_tmp;
samples = nfft;
end
% window : hanning
window = hanning(nfft);
window = window(:);
% compute fft with overlap
offset = fix((1-Overlap)*nfft);
spectnum = 1+ fix((samples-nfft)/offset); % Number of windows
% % for info is equivalent to :
% noverlap = Overlap*nfft;
% spectnum = fix((samples-noverlap)/(nfft-noverlap)); % Number of windows
% main loop
fft_spectrum = 0;
for i=1:spectnum
start = (i-1)*offset;
sw = signal((1+start):(start+nfft)).*window;
fft_spectrum = fft_spectrum + (abs(fft(sw))*4/nfft); % X=fft(x.*hanning(N))*4/N; % hanning only
end
fft_spectrum = fft_spectrum/spectnum; % to do linear averaging scaling
% one sidded fft spectrum % Select first half
if rem(nfft,2) % nfft odd
select = (1:(nfft+1)/2)';
else
select = (1:nfft/2+1)';
end
fft_spectrum = fft_spectrum(select);
freq_vector = (select - 1)*Fs/nfft;
end

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