MATLAB does not have plot templates.
The easiest way to do what you need is to create a function to do the plotting for you, passing in only the changing parts of the data and labeling.
The closest you can get to plot templates would be to plot something the way you want and then to savefig() the figure as a .fig file. Then you would openfig() the file when you needed it and copyobj() the contents into the place you figure needed to use it. Then you would locate the handles of the graphics objects you needed to change, and set their XData and YData and whatever else was needed to update them from the old data to the new data.... but using a function to do the plotting would probably be easier.
