Error in AWGN Using Integers or scalar doubles

Need help correcting the following errors:

Error using +

Integers can only be combined with integers of the same class, or scalar doubles.

Error in awgn (line 157)

y = sig + noise;

Error in Computerassignmentfinal (line 20)

received_low = awgn(lenna_bits, SNR_low,'measured');

The code attached.

clc;
clear all;

% Load the lenna image
lenna = imread('lenna.png');

% Convert image to grayscale
lenna_gray = rgb2gray(lenna);

% Convert pixel values to bits
lenna_bits = reshape(de2bi(lenna_gray), [], 1);

% BPSK modulation
Eb_No_low = 0; % Low SNR
Eb_No_high = 4; % High SNR
SNR_low = 10^(Eb_No_low/10);
SNR_high = 10^(Eb_No_high/10);

% Transmit and receive at low SNR
received_low = awgn(lenna_bits, SNR_low,'measured');

% Demodulation
decoded_low = received_low < 0;

% Reshape decoded bits to original image size
decoded_image_low = reshape(decoded_low, size(lenna_gray));

% Plot original and received image at low SNR
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(lenna_gray); title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(decoded_image_low); title('Received Image (0 dB SNR)');

% Transmit and receive at high SNR
received_high = awgn(lenna_bits, SNR_high, 'measured');

% Demodulation
decoded_high = received_high < 0;

% Reshape decoded bits to original image size
decoded_image_high = reshape(decoded_high, size(lenna_gray));

% Plot original and received image at high SNR
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(lenna_gray); title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(decoded_image_high); title('Received Image (4 dB SNR)');

% Linear error detection code
% Example: Hamming (7,4) code
parityMatrix = [1 1 1 0 1 0 0; 1 1 0 1 0 1 0; 1 0 1 1 0 0 1];
generatorMatrix = [eye(4) parityMatrix'];

% Encode the data
encoded_data = mod(lenna_bits * generatorMatrix, 2);

% Add noise
received_data = awgn(encoded_data, Eb_No_low, 'measured');

% Syndrome lookup table for error detection
syndrome_table = syndtable(parityMatrix);

% Decoding with error detection
decoded_data = zeros(size(encoded_data));
errors = zeros(size(encoded_data, 1), 1);
for i = 1:size(encoded_data, 1)
    syndrome = mod(received_data(i, :) * parityMatrix', 2);
    if sum(syndrome) ~= 0 % Error detected
        errors(i) = 1;
    else
        decoded_data(i, :) = received_data(i, :);
    end
end

% Count number of retransmission requests at different SNRs
SNRs = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10];
retransmissions = zeros(size(SNRs));
for i = 1:length(SNRs)
    SNR = 10^(SNRs(i)/10);
    received_data = awgn(encoded_data, SNR, 'measured');
    errors = zeros(size(encoded_data, 1), 1);
    for j = 1:size(encoded_data, 1)
        syndrome = mod(received_data(j, :) * parityMatrix', 2);
        if sum(syndrome) ~= 0 % Error detected
            errors(j) = 1;
            retransmissions(i) = retransmissions(i) + 1;
        end
    end
end

% Plot number of retransmissions against SNR values
figure;
plot(SNRs, retransmissions, '-o');
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('Number of Retransmissions');
title('Number of Retransmissions vs SNR');

% Error correction code
% Example: Reed-Solomon code
n = 255;
k = 223;
t = 16;
rs_encoder = comm.RSEncoder(n, k);
rs_decoder = comm.RSDecoder(n, k);

% Encode data
encoded_rs = step(rs_encoder, double(lenna_bits));

% Add noise
received_rs_low = awgn(encoded_rs, Eb_No_low, 'measured');
received_rs_high = awgn(encoded_rs, Eb_No_high, 'measured');

% Decode received data
decoded_rs_low = step(rs_decoder, received_rs_low);
decoded_rs_high = step(rs_decoder, received_rs_high);

% Reshape decoded bits to original image size
decoded_image_rs_low = reshape(decoded_rs_low, size(lenna_gray));
decoded_image_rs_high = reshape(decoded_rs_high, size(lenna_gray));

% Plot original and received images with error correction
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(decoded_image_low); title('Received Image (0 dB SNR, No Error Correction)');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(decoded_image_rs_low); title('Received Image (0 dB SNR, Error Correction)');
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(decoded_image_high); title('Received Image (4 dB SNR, No Error Correction)');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(decoded_image_rs_high); title('Received Image (4 dB SNR, Error Correction)');

[Pooja Kumari]

Can you share the exact error you are getting? And the image aslo.

[James Manns]

Error using +

Integers can only be combined with integers of the same class, or scalar doubles.

Error in awgn (line 157)

y = sig + noise;

Error in Computerassignmentfinal (line 20)

received_low = awgn(lenna_bits, SNR_low,'measured');

Answer 1

[Walter Roberson]

lenna = imread('lenna.png');

the result is almost certainly a uint8 matrix.

lenna_gray = rgb2gray(lenna);

rgb2gray() of a uint8 matrix results in a uint8 matrix.

lenna_bits = reshape(de2bi(lenna_gray), [], 1);

de2bi() of a uint8 matrix results in a uint8 matrix. reshape() of a uint8 matrix results in a uint8 matrix.

received_high = awgn(lenna_bits, SNR_high, 'measured');

It is an error to pass a uint8 matrix to awgn()