I am getting this Error using makeState (line 56). Your fitness function must return a scalar value.

% clc
% clear
price=[49.52, 47.94, 46.24, 43.34]';
inFlow=[1070,1070,1070 1070]';
N = length(inFlow);
LB = zeros(2*N,1);     % must have positive flow
UB = [25000*ones(N,1); % maximum turbine flow of 25,000 CFS
      Inf(N,1)];       % no bound on spill flow
 ot = ones(N,1);
b = -500*ot;
A = spdiags([-ot -ot],[0 N],N,N*2);
A2 = spdiags([ot ot -ot -ot],[0 N -1 N-1],N,N*2);
A2=full(A2);
b2 = 500*ot;
% remove the initial starting condition
A2(1,:) = [];
b2(1,:) = [];

% now add constraints for the -500 condition
A = [A; A2; -A2];
b = [b; b2; b2];
C2A = 1.98347/24; % Convert from CFS to AF/HR
stor0 = 90000; % initial vol. of water stored in the reservoir (Acre-Feet)
c = stor0 + C2A*cumsum(inFlow); % Convert CFS to AF
b = [b; 100000-c; -50000+c];
s = -C2A*sparse(tril(ones(N)));
s = [s s];
A = [A; s; -s];
Aeq = ones(1,2*N);
beq = sum(inFlow);
A=full(A);

options = optimoptions('ga','PlotFcn', @gaplotbestf);
fun=@Revenue_ga;
tic
% [x1, fval1] = fmincon(fun,x0,A,b,Aeq,beq,LB,UB,[],options)
[x1, fval1] = ga(fun,2*N,A,b,Aeq,beq,LB,UB,[],options)
toc
plotResults(price, x1, N);


function totR = Revenue_ga(X)
price=[49.52, 47.94, 46.24, 43.34]';
inFlow=[1070,1070,1070 1070]';
stor0 = 90000; % initial vol. of water stored in the reservoir (Acre-Feet)
k1 = 0.00003; % K-factor coefficient
k2 = 9; % K-factor offset
MW2kW = 1000; % MW to kW
C2A = 1.98347/24; % Convert from CFS to AF/HR
c = [C2A k1 k2 MW2kW]; % Vector of constants
N = length(inFlow);
F = inFlow;
P = price;
TotFlow = X(1:N)+X(N+1:end);
S = zeros(N, 1);
S(1) = stor0 + c(1)*(F(1)-TotFlow(1));
% 
for ii = 2:N
    S(ii) = S(ii-1) + c(1)*(F(ii)-TotFlow(ii));
end
% 
k = c(2)*([stor0; S(1:end-1)] + S)/2 + c(3);
 % 
MWh = k.*X(1:N)/c(4);
 % 
R = MWh.*P;
% 
% 
totR = -sum(R).';
end

[Chandra Upadhyaya]

Can anyone locate the problem why I am getting this error.

[KSSV]

https://in.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/380826-your-fitness-function-must-return-a-scalar-value

Answer 1

[VBBV]

%if true
  MWh = k'.*X(1:N).'/c(4);

From the error, the function must return a scalar which is possible with above change. MWh will be single or scalar value 1x1

The other option is to change the function line as which returns a vector as below

%f true
function [totR] = Revenue_ga(X)

[Walter Roberson]

function [totR] = Revenue_ga(X)

makes no difference compared to

function totR = Revenue_ga(X)

The function is being called from ga() and ga() requires that a scalar is returned. If you wanted to return a vector, you would have to switch to gamultiobj() ... but that is not the real solution in this situation, the real situation is just using the transpose on the X(1:N)

Answer 2

[Walter Roberson]

k is a 4 x 1 column vector. X is a 4 x 1 row vector. k.*X(1:N) is then (4 x 1) .* (1 x 4) which gives a 4 x 4 result.

Change

MWh = k.*X(1:N)/c(4);

to

MWh = k.*X(1:N).'/c(4);