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Pressure Reducing Valve (G)

Pressure reducing valve in a gas network

  • Pressure Reducing Valve (G) block

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Simscape / Fluids / Gas / Valves & Orifices / Pressure Control Valves

Description

The Pressure Reducing Valve (G) block represents a valve that constricts to maintain a preset gauge pressure at its outlet, port B. The normally open valve begins to close when the outlet pressure, measured against atmospheric pressure, rises above the valve pressure setting. The opening area falls with the pressure drop down to a minimum, where the valve is fully closed and only leakage flow remains.

The relationship between the opening area and the pressure drop depends on the parameterization of the valve. That relationship can take the form of a linear analytical expression or a tabulated function.

The flow can be laminar or turbulent, and it can reach up to sonic speeds. The maximum velocity happens at the throat of the valve where the flow is narrowest and fastest. The flow chokes and the velocity saturates when a drop in downstream pressure can no longer increase the velocity. Choking occurs when the back-pressure ratio reaches the critical value characteristic of the valve. The block does not capture supersonic flow.

Control and Other Pressures

The pressure at the outlet is the control signal of the valve. The more the outlet pressure rises over the pressure setting of the valve, the smaller the opening area becomes. The control pressure, PCtl, is

PCtl=PB-PAtm

where PB is the instantaneous pressure at port B and PAtm is the atmospheric pressure specified in the Gas Properties (G) block of the model. Both pressures are determined during simulation as absolute pressures.

The pressure setting, PSet, of the valve is the value of the Set pressure (gauge) parameter when the Opening characteristic parameter is Linear. When the Opening characteristic parameter is Tabulated, PSet is the first element of the Pressure at port B (gauge) vector parameter.

The maximum pressure, PMax, is PMax=PSet+ΔP, where ΔP is the pressure regulation range of the valve when the Opening characteristic parameter is Linear. When the Opening characteristic parameter is Tabulated, PSet is the last element of the Pressure at port B (gauge) vector parameter.

Fraction of Valve Opening

The degree to which the control pressure exceeds the pressure setting determines how much the valve opens. When the Opening characteristic parameter is Linear, the block calculates the valve opening fraction to scale the flow characteristic parameters. The valve opening fraction is

P^=1PCtlPSetΔP,

where:

  • PCtl is the control pressure.

  • PSet is the pressure setting specified by the Set pressure (gauge) parameter.

  • ΔP is the pressure regulation range specified by the Pressure regulation range parameter.

The fraction is normalized so that it is 0 in the fully closed valve and 1 in the fully open valve. If the calculation returns a value outside of these bounds, the block saturates the value to the nearest of the two limits.

Numerical Smoothing

When the Opening characteristic parameter is Linear and the Smoothing factor parameter is nonzero, the block applies numerical smoothing to the normalized control pressure, p^. Enabling smoothing helps maintain numerical robustness in your simulation.

For more information, see Numerical Smoothing.

Valve Parameterizations

The block behavior depends on the Valve parametrization parameter:

  • Cv flow coefficient — The flow coefficient Cv determines the block parameterization. The flow coefficient measures the ease with which a gas can flow when driven by a certain pressure differential.

  • Kv flow coefficient — The flow coefficient Kv, where Kv=0.865Cv, determines the block parameterization. The flow coefficient measures the ease with which a gas can flow when driven by a certain pressure differential.

  • Sonic conductance — The sonic conductance of the resistive element at steady state determines the block parameterization. The sonic conductance measures the ease with which a gas can flow when choked, which is a condition in which the flow velocity is at the local speed of sound. Choking occurs when the ratio between downstream and upstream pressures reaches a critical value known as the critical pressure ratio.

  • Orifice area — The size of the flow restriction determines the block parametrization.

Opening Characteristics

The flow characteristic relates the opening of the valve to the input that produces it. The opening is expressed as a sonic conductance, flow coefficient, or restriction area, determined by the Valve parameterization parameter.

The flow characteristic is normally given at steady state, with the inlet at a constant, carefully controlled pressure. This inherent flow characteristic depends only on the valve and it can be linear or nonlinear, the most common examples of the latter being the quick-opening and equal-percentage types. To capture such flow characteristics, the block provides a choice for the Opening characteristic parameter:

  • Linear — The measure of flow capacity is a linear function of the orifice opening fraction. As the opening fraction rises from 0 to 1, the measure of flow capacity scales from its specified minimum to its specified maximum.

  • Tabulated — The measure of flow capacity is a general function, which can be linear or nonlinear, of the orifice opening fraction. The function is specified in tabulated form, with the independent variable specified by the Pressure at port B (gauge) vector.

Momentum Balance

The block equations depend on the Orifice parametrization parameter. When you set Orifice parametrization to Cv flow coefficient parameterization, the mass flow rate, m˙, is

m˙=CvN6Y(pinpout)ρin,

where:

  • Cv is the flow coefficient.

  • N6 is a constant equal to 27.3 for mass flow rate in kg/hr, pressure in bar, and density in kg/m3.

  • Y is the expansion factor.

  • pin is the inlet pressure.

  • pout is the outlet pressure.

  • ρin is the inlet density.

The expansion factor is

Y=1pinpout3pinFγxT,

where:

  • Fγ is the ratio of the isentropic exponent to 1.4.

  • xT is the value of the xT pressure differential ratio factor at choked flow parameter.

The block smoothly transitions to a linearized form of the equation when the pressure ratio, pout/pin, rises above the value of the Laminar flow pressure ratio parameter, Blam,

m˙=CvN6Ylamρavgpavg(1Blam)(pinpout),

where:

Ylam=11Blam3FγxT.

When the pressure ratio, pout/pin, falls below 1FγxT, the orifice becomes choked and the block switches to the equation

m˙=23CvN6FγxTpinρin.

When you set Orifice parametrization to Kv flow coefficient parameterization, the block uses these same equations, but replaces Cv with Kv by using the relation Kv=0.865Cv. For more information on the mass flow equations when the Orifice parametrization parameter is Kv flow coefficient parameterization or Cv flow coefficient parameterization, see [2][3].

When you set Orifice parametrization to Sonic conductance parameterization, the mass flow rate, m˙, is

m˙=CρrefpinTrefTin[1(poutpinBcrit1Bcrit)2]m,

where:

  • C is the sonic conductance.

  • Bcrit is the critical pressure ratio.

  • m is the value of the Subsonic index parameter.

  • Tref is the value of the ISO reference temperature parameter.

  • ρref is the value of the ISO reference density parameter.

  • Tin is the inlet temperature.

The block smoothly transitions to a linearized form of the equation when the pressure ratio, pout/pin, rises above the value of the Laminar flow pressure ratio parameter Blam,

m˙=CρrefTrefTavg[1(BlamBcrit1Bcrit)2]m(pinpout1Blam).

When the pressure ratio, pout/pin, falls below the critical pressure ratio, Bcrit, the orifice becomes choked and the block switches to the equation

m˙=CρrefpinTrefTin.

For more information on the mass flow equations when the Orifice parametrization parameter is Sonic conductance parameterization, see [1].

When you set Orifice parametrization to Orifice area parameterization, the mass flow rate, m˙, is

m˙=CdSr2γγ1pinρin(poutpin)2γ[1(poutpin)γ1γ1(SRS)2(poutpin)2γ],

where:

  • Sr is the orifice or valve area.

  • S is the value of the Cross-sectional area at ports A and B parameter.

  • Cd is the value of the Discharge coefficient parameter.

  • γ is the isentropic exponent.

The block smoothly transitions to a linearized form of the equation when the pressure ratio, pout/pin, rises above the value of the Laminar flow pressure ratio parameter, Blam,

m˙=CdSr2γγ1pavg2γγρavgBlam2γ[1Blamγ1γ1(SRS)2Blam2γ](pinγ1γpoutγ1γ1Blamγ1γ).

When the pressure ratio, pout/pin, falls below(2γ+1)γγ1 , the orifice becomes choked and the block switches to the equation

m˙=CdSR2γγ+1pinρin1(γ+12)2γ1(SRS)2.

For more information on the mass flow equations when the Orifice parametrization parameter is Orifice area parameterization, see [4].

Mass Balance

The block assumes the volume and mass of fluid inside the valve is very small and ignores these values. As a result, no amount of fluid can accumulate in the valve. By the principle of conservation of mass, the mass flow rate into the valve through one port equals that out of the valve through the other port

m˙A+m˙B=0,

where m˙ is defined as the mass flow rate into the valve through the port indicated by the A or B subscript.

Energy Balance

The resistive element of the block is an adiabatic component. No heat exchange can occur between the fluid and the wall that surrounds it. No work is done on or by the fluid as it traverses from inlet to outlet. Energy can flow only by advection, through ports A and B. By the principle of conservation of energy, the sum of the port energy flows is always equal to zero

ϕA+ϕB=0,

where ϕ is the energy flow rate into the valve through ports A or B.

Assumptions and Limitations

  • The Sonic conductance setting of the Valve parameterization parameter is for pneumatic applications. If you use this setting for gases other than air, you may need to scale the sonic conductance by the square root of the specific gravity.

  • The equation for the Orifice area parameterization is less accurate for gases that are far from ideal.

  • This block does not model supersonic flow.

Ports

Conserving

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Gas conserving port associated with the opening through which the flow must enter the valve.

Gas conserving port associated with the opening through which the flow must exit the valve.

Parameters

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Method to calculate the mass flow rate.

  • Cv flow coefficient — The flow coefficient Cv determines the block parameterization.

  • Kv flow coefficient — The flow coefficient Kv, where Kv=0.865Cv, determines the block parameterization.

  • Sonic conductance — The sonic conductance of the resistive element at steady state determines the block parameterization.

  • Orifice area — The size of the flow restriction determines the block parametrization.

Method the block uses to calculate the opening area of the valve. The linear setting treats the opening area as a linear function of the orifice opening fraction. The tabulated setting allows for a general, nonlinear relationship you can specify in tabulated form.

Outlet gauge pressure required to close the valve. This parameter marks the beginning of the pressure regulation range, over which the valve progressively closes in an effort to contain a pressure rise. The opening area of the valve depends on the difference between the actual outlet pressure to the value specified here.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Opening parameterization to Linear.

Width of the pressure range over which the opening area of the valve is variable. The pressure range begins at the value of the Set pressure (gauge) parameter. It ends at the sum of the values of this parameter and the Set pressure (gauge) parameter. The smaller the pressure regulation range, the greater the impact of a unit pressure rise on the opening area of the valve.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Opening parameterization to Linear.

Vector of control pressures at which to specify the chosen measure of valve opening—sonic conductance, flow coefficient, or opening area. This vector must be equal in size to those containing the valve opening data. The vector elements must be positive and increase monotonically in value from left to right.

The first vector element gives the pressure setting of the valve where the valve begins to close. This element is equivalent to the Set pressure (gauge) parameter of the Linear opening parameterizations. The last element gives the maximum pressure, at which the valve is maximally closed and only leakage flow remains. The difference between the two gives the pressure regulation range of the valve.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Opening parameterization to Tabulated.

Value of the Cv flow coefficient when the restriction area available for flow is at a maximum. This parameter measures the ease with which the gas traverses the resistive element when driven by a pressure differential.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Cv flow coefficient, and Opening characteristic to Linear.

Ratio between the inlet pressure, pin, and the outlet pressure, pout, defined as (pinpout)/pin where choking first occurs. If you do not have this value, look it up in table 2 in ISA-75.01.01 [3]. Otherwise, the default value of 0.7 is reasonable for many valves.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Cv flow coefficient or Kv flow coefficient.

Ratio of the flow rate of the orifice when it is closed to when it is open.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Opening characteristic to Linear.

Continuous smoothing factor that introduces a layer of gradual change to the flow response when the orifice is in near-open or near-closed positions. Set this parameter to a nonzero value less than one to increase the stability of your simulation in these regimes.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Opening characteristic to Linear.

Vector of Cv flow coefficients. Each coefficient corresponds to a value in the Opening fraction vector parameter. This parameter measures the ease with which the gas traverses the resistive element when driven by a pressure differential. The flow coefficients must increase monotonically from left to right, with greater opening fractions representing greater flow coefficients. The size of the vector must be the same as the Opening fraction vector.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Cv flow coefficient, and Opening characteristic to Tabulated.

Value of the Kv flow coefficient when the restriction area available for flow is at a maximum. This parameter measures the ease with which the gas traverses the resistive element when driven by a pressure differential.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Kv flow coefficient, and Opening characteristic to Linear.

Vector of Kv flow coefficients. Each coefficient corresponds to a value in the Opening fraction vector parameter. This parameter measures the ease with which the gas traverses the resistive element when driven by a pressure differential. The flow coefficients must increase monotonically from left to right, with greater opening fractions representing greater flow coefficients. The size of the vector must be the same as the Opening fraction vector parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Kv flow coefficient, and Opening characteristic to Tabulated.

Value of the sonic conductance when the cross-sectional area available for flow is at a maximum.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance, and Opening characteristic to Linear.

Pressure ratio at which flow first begins to choke and the flow velocity reaches its maximum, given by the local speed of sound. The pressure ratio is the outlet pressure divided by inlet pressure.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance, and Opening characteristic to Linear.

Empirical value used to more accurately calculate the mass flow rate in the subsonic flow regime.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance.

Temperature at standard reference atmosphere, defined as 293.15 K in ISO 8778.

You only need to adjust the ISO reference parameter values if you are using sonic conductance values that are obtained at difference reference values.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance.

Density at standard reference atmosphere, defined as 1.185 kg/m3 in ISO 8778.

You only need to adjust the ISO reference parameter values if you are using sonic conductance values that are obtained at difference reference values.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance.

Vector of sonic conductances inside the resistive element. Each conductance corresponds to a value in the Opening fraction vector parameter. The sonic conductances must increase monotonically from left to right, with greater opening fractions representing greater sonic conductances. The size of the vector must be the same as the Opening fraction vector parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance, and Opening characteristic to Tabulated.

Vector of critical pressure ratios at which the flow first chokes, with each critical pressure ratio corresponding to a value in the Opening fraction vector parameter. The critical pressure ratio is the fraction of downstream-to-upstream pressures at which the flow velocity reaches the local speed of sound. The size of the vector must be the same as the Opening fraction vector parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Sonic conductance, and Opening characteristic to Tabulated.

Cross-sectional area of the orifice opening when the cross-sectional area available for flow is at a maximum.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Orifice area, and Opening characteristic to Linear.

Correction factor that accounts for discharge losses in theoretical flows.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Orifice area.

Vector of cross-sectional areas of the orifice opening. The values in this vector correspond one-to-one with the elements in the Opening fraction vector parameter. The first element of this vector is the orifice leakage area and the last element is the maximum orifice area.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Valve parameterization to Orifice area, and Opening characteristic to Tabulated.

Pressure ratio at which flow transitions between laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The pressure ratio is the outlet pressure divided by inlet pressure. Typical values range from 0.995 to 0.999.

Area normal to the flow path at each port. The ports are equal in size. The value of this parameter should match the inlet area of the components to which the resistive element connects.

References

[1] ISO 6358-3. "Pneumatic fluid power – Determination of flow-rate characteristics of components using compressible fluids – Part 3: Method for calculating steady-state flow rate characteristics of systems". 2014.

[2] IEC 60534-2-3. "Industrial-process control valves – Part 2-3: Flow capacity – Test procedures". 2015.

[3] ANSI/ISA-75.01.01. "Industrial-Process Control Valves – Part 2-1: Flow capacity – Sizing equations for fluid flow underinstalled conditions". 2012.

[4] P. Beater. Pneumatic Drives. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2007.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
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Version History

Introduced in R2018b

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